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global j environ sci manage 2 2 157 162 spring 2016 global j environ sci manage 2 2 157 162 spring 2016 doi 10 7508 gjesm 2016 02 006 short ...

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                                                           Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 2(2): 157-162, Spring 2016
                         Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 2(2): 157-162, Spring 2016
                         DOI: 10.7508/gjesm.2016.02.006
                            SHORT COMMUNICATION
                               An integrated approach of composting methodologies for solid waste
                                                                                management
                                                                        *
                                                       K. Kumaresan , R. Balan, A. Sridhar, J. Aravind, P. Kanmani
                                   Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore-641049, India
                                   Received 21 October 2015;           revised 27 November 2015;           accepted 5 December 2015;           available online 1 March 2016
                            ABSTRACT:Organic fraction of solid waste, which upon degradation produces foul smell and generates pathogens,
                            if not properly managed. Composting is not a method of waste disposal but it is a method of waste recycling and used
                            for agricultural purposes. An integrated approach of composting methodology was tested for municipal solid waste
                            management. Solid waste first was composted and after 22 days, was further processed by vermicomposting. Samples
                            were routinely taken for analysis of carbon, nitrogen, moisture content, pH and temperature to determine the quality of
                            composting. Decrease in moisture content to 32.1 %, relative decrease in carbon and nitrogen content were also
                            observed. Among the different types of treatment, municipal solid waste + activated sludge integration showed promising
                            results, followed by vermicomposting municipal solid waste + activated sludge combination, compared to the combinations
                            of dried activated sludge, municipal solid waste + activated sludge semisolid and municipal solid waste + sewage water.
                            Thus, windrow composting followed by vermicomposting gave a better result than other methods. Thus this method
                            would serve as a potential alternative for solid waste management.
                            KEYWORDS: Aerobic decomposition; Composting; Municipal solid waste (MSW); Sewage sludge; Vermi pits
                         INTRODUCTION
                             Solid waste management is gaining importance all                waste management method, but due to scarcity of land
                         over the developed and developing nations. In India                 and also because of various contaminates such
                         due to increasing population, economic growth and                   leachate emission has rendered landfill as no longer, a
                         urbanization has impacted generation of municipal                   sustainable option of solid waste disposal method
                         solid waste (MSW). The inefficient handling and                     (Soobhany et al., 2015a; Soobhany et al., 2015b). In
                         improper disposal of solid waste pose hazards to the                the year 2014, 55 million tonnes per year solid waste
                         public health and environment deterioration (Kumaret                was generated across India. (Singh et al., 2014a).
                         al., 2011). In India traditionally the disposal process of          Among the total solid waste generated, around 70%
                         MSW has been through burial, burning and ocean                      was collected and only 12.45% was either processed
                         dumping (CPCB, 2014). Burning leads to toxic dioxins                or treated (Lee et al., 2009).
                         emissions, more carbon dioxide and particulate matter                  Efficient management of solid waste impacts
                         leading to severe air pollution, also disrupting aquatic            positively on the environment and it plays a vital role
                                                                                             in the improvement of human health and quality of life
                         environment hence landfill has now become the main                  (Hill and Baldwin, 2012). A number of processes have
                             *Corresponding Author Email: kumaresan.k.bt@kct.ac.in           been explored for effective management of solid waste
                                   Tel.: +91 841 350 474; Fax: +91 4222 669 406              and composting is one potential method in managing
                         Note. Discussion period for this manuscript open until June 1,      the organic nutrient residues originating from
                         2016 on GJESM website at the “Show Article”.                        agricultural residues, as it is biodegradable (Lalander
                                                                                        157
                                                                              K. Kumaresan et al.
                                                          Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 2(2): 157-162, Spring 2016
                         et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2015; Viget al.,2011). Further,           Table 1: Types of windrows based on their content
                         hybrid process of aerobic and anaerobic treatment of                          Types                        Particulars
                         wastewater has been proven effective. (Omid et al.,                         Windrow 1               MSW + Activated sludge
                         2015). It is now accepted that no single solution exists                    Windrow 2               MSW + processed sludge
                         for the management of MSW, and only integrated                              Windrow 3               MSW + Raw sewage
                         approaches are most likely to succeed (Blanka et al.,                       Windrow 4               Dried activated sludge
                         2014; Fu et al., 2015). Thus we are proposing here an                       Windrow 5               MSW + Filtrate
                         integrated  approach  by  combining  windrow
                         composting and vermicomposting to achieve maximum                 microorganisms utilize the carbon source from the
                         decomposition. This study has been performed in                   waste, they produce acids which may lead to decrease
                         Kumaraguru College of Technology during 2013.                     in the pH of the compost. To avoid it, turning of the
                         MATERIALS AND METHODS                                             compost was done once in three days. This process
                         Collection and classification of solid wastes                     may also reduce greenhouse gases emission. (Su et
                            The fresh solid waste was collected from the                   al., 2015). The moisture content was maintained in a
                         municipal waste yard located at Vellalur, Coimbatore,             range of 40% - 60% throughout the process.
                         Tamilnadu, India. The collected solid waste was then              Vermicomposting
                         classified based on its size (above and below 100 mm)                Earthworms belonging  to  species Eudrilus
                         by trammel. The materials which are above 100 mm                  eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus were used in this study
                         materials are used for reuse / recycling purposes.Larger          (Yadavet al., 2012). About half kg of earth worm was
                         inert objects (plastic, metal and glass) in the sorted            used. The wastes which were partially degraded by
                         organic fraction municipal solid waste were removed by            windrow composting (around 20 days) were transferred
                         hand. Inorganic matter was below 100 mm was used for              to vermi pits. The vermi pits are kept away from sunlight
                         composting purposes as it contains most of the organic            and rain since it will affect the growth of the worms.
                         materials.                                                        The favorable conditions for the earthworms were:
                         Estimation of microbial population in different                   temperature less than 30 C and pH in the range of 7 –
                         inoculum                                                          8.5. In order to maintain these conditions, the vermi
                            The activated sludge which are aggregates left after           pits was watered for 3 days such that the temperature
                         the treatment of waste water was obtained from the                will be reduced. The pH and temperature changes were
                         sewage treatment plant (STP) located at KCT,                      monitored once in 5 days (Amosséet al., 2013; Suthar,
                         Coimbatore, Tamilnadu- India. The samples were                    2009).
                         serially diluted and the bacterial isolates were screened         Biological and chemical analyses
                         on Luria Bertani (LB) agar plates by the standard pour               This involves the estimation of pH, temperature,
                         plate method. Plates were incubated at 60 C for 24 h             carbon content, C: N ratio, phosphorus, potassium and
                         and were subjected to colony counting to analyze the              moisture content in the sample after it got composted
                         growth of thermophilic bacteria in the activated sludge           (Javedet al., 2012). The composted samples were drawn
                         sample (Fu et al., 2015). The number of microbial                 after 22 days and analyzed.
                         colonies grown was calculated using the Equation 1:
                                                                                           RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
                         ViableCellCount          Numberof colonies                 (1)   Estimation of microbial population
                                          Volumeplated(ml)Totaldilution Used                 The microbialpopulations were characterized from
                                                                                           samples from the sludge and sewage. Two isolates are
                         Aerobic composting (windrow)                                      dominant among the samples and were subjected to
                            The aerobic treatment is to be done in the presence            MALDI-TOF analysis, it has been confirmed that the
                         of oxygen. The solid wastes were piled up into five               two cultures were Lactobacillus delbrueckii and
                         different types of windrows as perTable 1 (height of 50           Bacillus badius. These two organisms are identified
                         cm and length of 4 m). Once in 4 days, the windrows               as Gram positive bacteria and non-motile in nature
                         were wetted and mixed for proper aeration. When the               (Xinget al., 2012 and Morenoet al., 2009).
                                                                                      158
                                                     Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 2(2): 157-162, Spring 2016
                                       40                                   Carbon Content                   Activated Sludge
                                    )  35                                                                    Sewage water
                                    %
                                    (  30
                                     
                                    t                                                                        Dried Activated Sludge
                                    n
                                    e
                                    t  25                                                                    Enhanced
                                    n
                                    o
                                    C  20
                                                                                                             Ordinary
                                    n
                                    o
                                    b  15                                                                    Vermicomposting 1
                                    r
                                    a
                                    C  10                                                                    Vermicomposting 2
                                        5                                                                    Vermicomposting 3
                                        0                                                                    Vermicomposting 4
                                               0       5       10       15      20       25      30
                                                                   Days Interval
                                       Fig. 1: Comparison between the carbon content of initial and final samples of the compost
                                        1                               Nitrogen Content
                                       0.9                                                               Activated Sludge
                                    )  0.8
                                    %
                                    (                                                                    Sewage water
                                     
                                    t  0.7
                                    n
                                    e                                                                    Dried Activated Sludge
                                    t  0.6
                                    n
                                    o                                                                    Enhanced
                                    C  0.5
                                     
                                    n
                                    e  0.4                                                               Ordinary
                                    g
                                    o
                                    r
                                    t  0.3                                                               Vermicomposting 1
                                    i
                                    N  0.2
                                                                                                         Vermicomposting 2
                                       0.1                                                               Vermicomposting 3
                                        0                                                                Vermicomposting 4
                                              0       5      10      15      20     25      30
                                                                Days Interval
                                                      Fig. 2: Comparison of nitrogen levels in compost samples
                       Biological and chemical analyses                           enhanced sludge is 38.96. Final C: N ratio is 41.93
                          The samples were collected at an interval of four       indicating relative decrease in nitrogen content. As the
                       days for monitoring the chemical and biological            activity of microbes increases, nitrogen consumption is
                       changes that were formed during the composting.            increased for metabolic activates. Nitrogen is also lost
                       Carbon content, nitrogen content, moisture content,        due to ammonification, which occurred due to high
                       pH and temperature of the samples serve as a pointer       moisture content at active degradation stage. After the
                       on the efficiency of each solid waste management           death of microbes, they undergo decomposition and
                       approach (Jooet al., 2015; Xinget al., 2012).              nitrogen content increases slightly at the final stage.
                                                                                  Nitrogen content is high in vermicomposting compared
                       Analysis of parameters                                     to windrow compost due to the addition of mucus and
                          Important parameters like Carbon, nitrogen, pH,         nitrogenous excrements from the earthworms. The
                       moisture content, and temperature were analyzed. It was    results obtained coincide with the results obtained from
                       observed that there is decrease in the carbon content in   other studies (Singh et al., 2011b). The comparison
                       the final sample when compared to the initial (Varmaet     between the nitrogen content of initial and final samples
                       al., 2015); (Fig. 1). This is because the microorganisms   of the compost are shown in Fig. 2.
                       utilized carbon for their growth, the decrease in the
                       carbon content also indicate better decomposition of       Analysis of moisture content
                       the organic compounds. Similar results were reported          The moisture content lies between 58.6% and 32.1%
                       by others (Singh et al., 2011a). Initial C: N ratio for    due to the bio- degradation of organic material and
                                                                              159
                                                           Combined approach for solid waste management
                                                       Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 2(2): 157-162, Spring 2016
                                    70                                  Moisture Content
                                                                                                           Activated Sludge
                                    60                                                                     Sewage water
                                  ) 50
                                  %                                                                        Dried Activated Sludge
                                  (
                                   
                                  t
                                  n                                                                        Enhanced
                                  e 40
                                  t
                                  n
                                  o                                                                        Ordinary
                                  c
                                    30
                                  e
                                  r                                                                        Vermicomposting 1
                                  u
                                  t
                                  s
                                  i 20
                                  o                                                                        Vermicomposting 2
                                  M
                                    10                                                                     Vermicomposting 3
                                     0                                                                     Vermicomposting 4
                                           0        5       10      15      20       25      30
                                                               Days Interval
                                                Fig. 3: Comparison of moisture content between various compost samples
                                     9                                           pH
                                     8                                                                     Activated Sludge
                                     7                                                                     Sewage water
                                     6                                                                     Dried Activated Sludge
                                  H  5                                                                     Enhanced
                                  p                                                                        Ordinary
                                     4                                                                     Vermicomposting 1
                                     3                                                                     Vermicomposting 2
                                     2                                                                     Vermicomposting 3
                                     1                                                                     Vermicomposting 4
                                     0
                                           0       5       10       15      20      25      30
                                                               Days Interval
                                                      Fig. 4: Comparison of pH between the initial and final sample
                       maximum respiratory activity of the earthworm. During         At lower pH in addition to bacteria, fungi acted upon
                       the initial period, the moisture content is high (>50%)       the waste material and enhance the decomposition
                       and the physical structure of the compost mixture is          (Yadavet al., 2012).
                       poor. As manure dries, the nutrients not only
                       concentrate on a weight-basis but also on a volume            Analysis of temperature
                       basis due to structural changes of the manure (Fig.              Initial temperature was around 33 C in the wastes.
                       3). After the stabilization period, the moisture content      As the composting process progressed the temperature
                       was found to be reduced to 32.1% (Lleó et al., 2013).         rose to 62±3 C (Fig. 5). This rise in temperature is
                                                                                     necessary  for  the  destruction  of  pathogenic
                       Analysis of pH                                                microorganisms. The rise in temperature was due to
                           Fig. 4 indicated that the pH was higher in the initial    the heat released by the microbial activity in conversion
                       sample compared to the final sample. This change in           of organic matter. Favorable temperature for the
                       pH from alkaline range to acidic range was due to the         earthworms to feed on waste is around 30 C. Thus,
                       activity of fungi and other mesophilic organisms and          the temperature was brought down from 44 C – 45 C
                       also due to the formation of organic acids. Optimum           to 33±2 C by watering for three days. Further the
                       pH range for most bacteria is 6-7.5 and fungi are 5.5-8.      temperature was maintained till the completion of the
                                                                                 160
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...Global j environ sci manage spring doi gjesm short communication an integrated approach of composting methodologies for solid waste management k kumaresan r balan a sridhar aravind p kanmani department biotechnology kumaraguru college technology coimbatore india received october revised november accepted december available online march abstract organic fraction which upon degradation produces foul smell and generates pathogens if not properly managed is method disposal but it recycling used agricultural purposes methodology was tested municipal first composted after days further processed by vermicomposting samples were routinely taken analysis carbon nitrogen moisture content ph temperature to determine the quality decrease in relative also observed among different types treatment activated sludge integration showed promising results followed combination compared combinations dried semisolid sewage water thus windrow gave better result than other methods this would serve as potential ...

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