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shanlax shanlax international journal of commerce since1990 open access a systematic review of various leadership theories volume 8 vivek deshwal research scholar department of commerce aligarh muslim university uttar pradesh ...

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                                               Shanlax
                                   shanlax International Journal of Commerce
                                   #SINCE1990
                                       OPEN ACCESS                                                                           A Systematic Review of Various 
                                                                                                                             Leadership Theories
                                       Volume: 8                                                                             Vivek Deshwal 
                                                                                                                             Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India
                                       Issue:	1                                                                              Mohd. Ashraf Ali 
                                       Month: January                                                                        Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India
                                                                                                                             Abstract 
                                       Year:	2020                                                                            Leadership is an essential element in the success of any organization. The style of leadership used 
                                                                                                                             has a great influence on the behavior of employees, and thus their productivity directly relates to it. 
                                                                                                                             There are several theories developed which defines leadership in its way, and there is continuous 
                                       P-ISSN:	2320-4168                                                                     development in this field. The current study examines the theories that emerged in leadership lit-
                                                                                                                             erature. Various theories like trait, behavioral, contingency, and emerging theories are described 
                                       E-ISSN:	2582-0729                                                                     briefly in a systematic way. It is found that as time passed, the way to see leadership also changed, 
                                                                                                                             styles like transformational, transactional, authentic, ethical, servant emerged as new dimensions 
                                                                                                                             which suit to the changing business environment. 
                                       Received:	11.10.2019                                                                  Keywords: Trait theory, Behavioural theories, Contingency theories, Full Range Leadership 
                                                                                                                             Model, Authentic leadership, Ethical Leadership, Servant Leadership.
                                       Accepted:	15.11.2019                                                                  Introduction
                                                                                                                             	          Leadership	has	always	been	an	evergreen	topic	in	the	field	of	organizational	
                                       Published:	01.01.2020                                                                 behavior.	As	time	changed,	there	come	various	theories	of	leadership	and	its	
                                                                                                                             style.	An	organization	is	a	group	of	people;	it	always	needs	a	leader	to	achieve	
                                       Citation:                                                                             its	goal	efficiently	and	effectively.	Yukl,	2002	defined	leadership	as	a	“process	
                                       Deshwal,	Vivek,	and	Mohd.	 of	influencing	others	to	understand	and	agree	about	what	needs	to	be	done	
                                       Ashraf	Ali.	“A	Systematic	                                                            and	how	it	can	be	done	effectively…process	of	facilitating	individual	and	
                                       Review	of	Various	                                                                    collective	efforts	to	accomplish	the	shared	objectives.”(Gregoire	&	Arendt,	
                                       Leadership	Theories.”	                                                                2014).	“Leadership	is	a	process	where	leaders	use	their	skills	and	knowledge	
                                       Shanlax International                                                                 to	lead	and	bring	a	group	of	employees	in	the	desired	direction	that	is	relevant	
                                       Journal of Commerce,                                                                  to	their	organization’s	goals	and	objectives.	Additionally,	an	effective	leader	
                                       vol.	8,	no.	1,	2020,	                                                                 that	has	strong	leadership	skills	should	also	have	a	certain	characteristic,	such	
                                       pp.	38–43.	                                                                           as,	 passion,	 consistency,	trust,	 and	 vision;	 for	 only	 leaders	 who	 own	these	
                                                                                                                             characteristics	can	build	trust	in	employees”	(Domingo	&	Sa,	2017).	The	role	
                                       DOI:	                                                                                 of	a	leader	is	vital,	and	thus	it	cannot	be	overlooked.	As	time	passed,	various	
                                       https://doi.org/10.34293/                                                             theories	of	leadership	emerged,	but	due	to	change	in	scenario	and	environment,	
                                       commerce.v8i1.916                                                                     these	theories	also	needed	to	have	some	modification	in	that	because	one	single	
                                                                                                                             theory	does	not	fit	fully	in	different	situations.	The	success	or	failure	of	an	
                                                                                                                             organization	directly	relates	to	the	effectiveness	of	the	organization.	There	are	
                                                                                                                             various	stories	in	which	even	a	sick	organization	revive	it	and	move	towards	the	
                                       This	work	is	licensed	                                                                way	of	success,	and	it	happened	only	because	using	the	right	style	of	leadership.	
                                       under a Creative Commons 
                                       Attribution-ShareAlike	4.0	                                                           Research Gap 
                                       International License                                                                 	          After	going	through	various	research	articles,	it	is	found	that	all	the	theories	
                                                                                                                             of	leadership	are	not	discussed	collectively	in	a	systematic	way.	Authentic,	
                                                                                                                             Ethical,	and	Servant	leadership	styles	are	generally	ignored	or	less	discussed,	
                                                                                                                             along	with	other	styles.	Different	papers	were	found	which	were	discussing	
                                                                                                                             leadership	styles	differently,	and	all	theories	were	not	found	under	an	umbrella.
                                            38                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Shanlax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              International Journal of Commerce shanlax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         #SINCE1990
                                  Research Objective                                                                                                                                                           Behavioral Theories
                                  	           The	 objective	 of	 the	 study	 is	 to	 examine	 the	                                                                                                            	           After	the	criticism	of	trait	theory,	further	research	
                                  literature	of	leadership	theories	so	that	it	is	found	out	                                                                                                                   was	conducted	in	the	area	of	leadership.	It	was	found	
                                  how these theories emerged one by one.                                                                                                                                       that	the	behavior	of	a	leader	is	the	factor	that	affects	
                                                                                                                                                                                                               leadership.	Behavioral	theories	of	leadership	indicate	
                                  Research Methodology                                                                                                                                                         that	leadership	can	be	learned,	unlike	trait	theory.	
                                  	           Secondary	 sources	 such	 as	 research	 papers,	                                                                                                                 “Behavioural	theories	of	leadership	presuppose	that	
                                  textbooks,	articles,	and	internet	sources	are	used	to	go	                                                                                                                    particular behaviors are what distinguish leaders. 
                                  through	the	literature	of	the	leadership	and	its	various	                                                                                                                    That	is,	these	theories	begin	with	the	assumption	that	
                                  styles.	The	study	is	done	in	the	chronological	order	                                                                                                                        an	effective	leader	in	any	achievement	context	is	one	
                                  of	the	emergence	of	various	theories.	The	theories	                                                                                                                          who exhibits the behaviors that are most conducive to 
                                  which	were	made	earlier	studied	thoroughly	at	first,	                                                                                                                        group	productivity	and	group	psychosocial	growth.”	
                                  and then only the next emerged theory is studied. In                                                                                                                         (Kovach,	2018).	Ohio	State	Studies	and	Michigan	
                                  this way, the proper sequence is maintained, and step                                                                                                                        Study	 are	 the	 two	 main	 studies	 of	 behavioral	
                                  by	step	process	is	taken	into	consideration.	Based	on	                                                                                                                       leadership	that	were	conducted	in	1945	and	find	out	
                                  a	systematic	and	thorough	study	of	various	styles	of	                                                                                                                        two	dimensions	of	leadership.
                                  leadership, conclusions are drawn.                                                                                                                                           1. Ohio State Studies
                                  Trait Theories                                                                                                                                                               	           The	dimensions	which	were	found	in	the	study	
                                  	           The	 trait	 theory	 was	 inspired	 by	 the	 Great	                                                                                                               were	classified	into	two	main	types	of	style,	Initiating	
                                  Man	Theory	developed	by	Thomas	Carlyle.	Later	 Structure	and	Consideration.	
                                  Sir	 Francis	 Galton	 took	 this	 theory	 forward	 and	                                                                                                                      •	           Initiating Structure- In this, a leader shows 
                                  concluded that leadership comprises a unique quality                                                                                                                                       concern	to	the	 task	 and	 goal	 achievement.	 A	
                                  of	 extraordinary	 persons	 that	 cannot	 be	 imitated.	                                                                                                                                   behavior	to	organize	work,	work	relationships,	
                                  In	early	1900	the	focus	of	leadership	was	on	traits	                                                                                                                                       and goal achievement is shown by the leader, 
                                  only.	Several	theorists	were	inspired	by	Carlyle	and	                                                                                                                                      and	he	assigns	the	task	to	the	worker	and	assures	
                                  Galton,	and	they	believed	that	leadership	is	a	result	                                                                                                                                     a	 standard	 performance	 by	 giving	 proper	
                                  of	 personal	 characteristics,	 but	 they	 also	 thought	                                                                                                                                  attention	to	get	the	work	done	at	the	proper	time.
                                  that	 they	 do	 not	 reside	 in	 a	 selected	 number	 of	                                                                                                                    •	           Consideration-  This	 dimension	 is	 concerned	
                                  people	only.	Trait	theory	was	very	much	accepted	                                                                                                                                          with the relationship between leader and 
                                  up	to	1940	and	early	1950s,	but	later	new	theories	                                                                                                                                        employee by creating mutual trust and respect. 
                                  started emerging, and it was believed that it was not                                                                                                                                      This	type	of	leader	is	approachable	and	friendly.	
                                  personal	 characteristics	 only	 which	 make	 leader,	                                                                                                                                     The	feelings	 of	 employees	 are	 taken	 care	 of,	
                                  but	there	are	other	factors	which	affect	it.	John	W.	                                                                                                                                      and they are given equal treatment, support, and 
                                  Gardner	 defined	 different	 attributes.	 He	 told	 that	                                                                                                                                  appreciation.
                                  there	are	traits	that	make	a	successful	person	leader,	                                                                                                                      2. Michigan Studies
                                  and	these	traits	are	physical	fitness,	decision-making	                                                                                                                      	           These	 studies	 conducted	 in	 the	 1950s	 by	
                                  ability,	 adaptability,	 awareness	 of	 employee	 need	                                                                                                                      Rensis	Likert,	and	he	found	two	main	dimensions	
                                  and	 motivating	 him,	 trustworthiness,	 etc.	 (John,	                                                                                                                       first,	 employee-oriented	 leaders	 who	 give	 proper	
                                  2015)	                                                                                                                                                                       emphasize	on	interpersonal	relation	with	employees	
                                  	           In	 1948,	 Stogdill	 opined	 that	 leadership	 is	 a	                                                                                                            and	take	care	of	their	needs,	individual	differences	
                                  mix	of	characteristics	and	situation	both,	a	person	                                                                                                                         are	 respected.	 Second,	 production	 oriented	 leader	
                                  who leads in one situation may not do it in another  whose	main	emphasis	is	on	technique	and	task	of	
                                  situation,	and	it	is	the	situation	only	which	affect	a	                                                                                                                      job.	It	focuses	on	achieving	group	goal.	
                                  person to show his characteristics to lead. Later trait                                                                                                                      	           On	the	basis	of	behavioural	theories	Robert	Blake	
                                  theory	starts	fading,	and	behavioral	and	situational	                                                                                                                        and Jane Moulton made a model named Managerial 
                                  theories	of	leadership	emerged.                                                                                                                                              grid	in	1964.	Five	leadership	styles	were	suggested	
                                       http://www.shanlaxjournals.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   39
                                               Shanlax
                                   shanlax International Journal of Commerce
                                   #SINCE1990
                                  by	it,	which	was	based	on	concern	for	people	and	                                                                                                                            then a supportive and participative style is used. 
                                  concern	for	the	achievement	of	the	goal.	These	styles	                                                                                                                       When	followers	 are	 able	 and	 willing,	 then-leader	
                                  were	impoverished,	produce	or	perish,	middle	of	the	                                                                                                                         need not do much.
                                  road, country club, and team style.                                                                                                                                          c) Path-Goal Theory
                                  Contingency Theories                                                                                                                                                         	           In	 1971	 Robert	 House	 developed	 path-goal	
                                  	           “Those	 theories	 argue	 that	 the	 best	 type	 of	                                                                                                              theory.	He	was	a	graduate	at	Ohio	State	University;	
                                  leadership depends on situational variables and  later,	this	theory	was	and	revised	in	1996.	It	uses	
                                  that	no	one	style	of	leadership	pertains	or	should	be	                                                                                                                       initiating structure, consideration, and expectancy 
                                  followed	to	all	given	workplace	situations.	For	this	                                                                                                                        theory	of	motivation	to	make	the	theory.	It	defines	
                                  reason,	effective	leaders	can	adapt	their	leadership	                                                                                                                        states	 that	 a	 leader	 should	 clarify	 the	 path	 of	 the	
                                  style	based	on	the	nature	of	the	group,	the	situation,	                                                                                                                      followers	and	lead	him	effectively	towards	goal	by	
                                  and	the	objectives	to	be	achieved.”	(Kovach,	2018).	                                                                                                                         reducing	roadblocks.	When	a	task	is	stressful	and	
                                                                                                                                                                                                               ambiguous,	directive	leadership	is	preferable.	In	a	
                                  a) The Fielder Model                                                                                                                                                         structured	 task,	 supportive	 leadership	 yields	 high	
                                  	           In	 the	 year	 1967,	 Fred	 Fiedler	 made	 the	                                                                                                                  performance	and	satisfaction.	“Path-goal	leadership	
                                  Fiedler	 Contingency	 Model,	 which	 states	 that	                                                                                                                           theory requires learning leaders, who are interested 
                                  the	 performance	 of	 the	 group	 depends	 upon	 the	                                                                                                                        in spreading a learning culture to adopt directive, 
                                  match	 between	 leaders’	 style	 of	 interaction	 with	                                                                                                                      supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented 
                                  his	subordinates	and	the	level	of	degree	which	the	                                                                                                                          behavior.	Indeed,	learning	leaders	can	adopt	one	of	
                                  situation	 gives	 the	 leader	 control	 and	 influence.	                                                                                                                     these	behaviors	to	achieve	the	goal	of	influencing	
                                  Least	Preferred	Co-worker	(LPC)	is	developed	by	 subordinates’	 knowledge	 and	 experiences.	 Also,	
                                  Fielder	to	identify	whether	a	leader	is	a	task-oriented	                                                                                                                     the	 adoption	 of	 an	 appropriate	 style	 is	 required	
                                  leader or relationship oriented. Along with this, he  to	 respond	 quickly	 to	 subordinates’	 expectations,	
                                  also	identified	three	contingency	dimensions	that	are	                                                                                                                       needs,	and	wants.”	(Domingo	&	Sa,	2017).
                                  leader-member	relations,	task	structure,	and	position	                                                                                                                       d) Leader Participation Model
                                  power.                                                                                                                                                                       	           The	Vroom–Yetton	contingency	model	is	made	
                                  b) Situational Leadership Theory                                                                                                                                             by	Victor	Vroom	and	Phillip	Yetton	in	1973	and	
                                  	           Paul	 Hersey	 and	 Ken	 Blanchard	 in	 1969	 later	in	1988	with	Arthur	Jago.	It	concluded	that	the	
                                  defined	 situational	 leadership;	 it	 assumes	 that	 the	                                                                                                                   best	leadership	style	depends	on	the	situation.	Five	
                                  effective	 leadership	 style	 does	 not	 remain	 static,	                                                                                                                    styles	are	suggested,	and	these	are	Autocratic	Type	
                                  and it changes as per the situation, and to be an  1,	in	which	leaders	exercise	decisions	basis	on	the	
                                  effective	and	successful	leader	should	adopt	his	style	                                                                                                                      readily	 available	 information.	 Second,	 Autocratic	
                                  and	 approach	 to	 different	 situations.	 “Situational	                                                                                                                     type	2	style,	in	which	information	is	taken	up	by	
                                  leadership means that leaders have to change the  the	leader	from	followers	but	takes	a	decision	on	his	
                                  degree	 of	 supportiveness	 and	 directness	 to	 their	                                                                                                                      own.	The	third	style	is	Consultative	Type	1,	leaders	
                                  employees	 according	 to	 the	 given	 situation	 of	                                                                                                                         share	problems	with	only	a	few	followers	who	are	
                                  subordinates	 and	 their	 level	 of	 motivation.	 “This	                                                                                                                     relevant enough and not all, but one by one, and 
                                  type	of	Leadership	demands	that	leaders	vary	their	                                                                                                                          followers	are	not	allowed	to	discuss	among	them.	
                                  behavior and leadership style according to their  Fourth,	Consultative	Type	2,	in	this	a	leader	consults	
                                  subordinate’s	commitment.”	(Ghazzawi,	Shoughari,	                                                                                                                            with	followers	in	a	group,	but	their	ideas	are	heard,	
                                  &	Osta,	2018).	If	followers	are	unable	and	unwilling	                                                                                                                        but	the	decision	is	taken	by	leader	only	by	his	own,	
                                  to	do	work,	then	clear	and	specific	directions	must	                                                                                                                         Fifth,	Group	based	Type	2,	in	which	problems	are	
                                  be	given	by	the	leader.	If	a	follower	is	not	able	to	                                                                                                                        discussed	by	leader	with	followers,	and	that	decision	
                                  do	work	b,	ut	he	is	willing	to	do	it,	a	leader	should	                                                                                                                       is	taken	which	is	accepted	by	group.
                                  show	high	orientation	in	both	task	and	relationship	
                                  behavior.	When	the	follower	is	able	but	unwilling,	
                                            40                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Shanlax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              International Journal of Commerce shanlax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         #SINCE1990
                                  Leader-Member Exchange Theory                                                                                                                                                (putting	out	the	fires),	and	contingent	rewards	(let’s	
                                    Leader-member exchange theory originally make	a	deal)”	(Barbuto	&	Leadership,	2014).
                                  made	in	1975	states	that	because	of	time	pressure,	a	                                                                                                                        	           Bruce	Avolio	and	Bernard	Bass	in	1991	defined	
                                  leader and some members build a special relation and                                                                                                                         a	 concept	 of	 three	 leadership	 styles,	 which	 are	
                                  this	group	is	known	as	in-group,	and	those	members	                                                                                                                          transactional,	transformational,	and	laissez-faire.	A	
                                  who	are	 not	 the	 part	 of	 this	 group	 come	 in	 out-                                                                                                                     transformational	leader	can	influence	their	followers	
                                  group.	Those	followers	who	are	the	part	of	in-group	                                                                                                                         so	that	they	can	give	their	full	potential,	which	leads	
                                  get	some	favorable	attitude	from	the	employees	in	                                                                                                                           to	 better	 performance	 toward	 the	 achievement	 of	
                                  comparison	to	those	members	who	are	the	part	of	                                                                                                                             goals.	 Transactional	 leadership	 is	 in	 contrast	 to	
                                  out-group.	The	focus	of	the	leader-member	theory	                                                                                                                            the	transformational	style	in	which	performance	is	
                                  is	 on	 the	 relationship	 quality	 of	 a	 leader	 and	 his	                                                                                                                 linked	with	the	contingent	rewards.	“Transactional	
                                  subordinates.	Based	on	relationships,	two	types	of	                                                                                                                          leadership	is	less	focused	on	emotion	and	inspiration;	
                                  groups	are	made	by	the	leader.	Those	who	are	in	 transactional	leadership	is	sometimes	afforded	less	
                                  low-quality	relationships	form	an	“out-group,”	and	                                                                                                                          respect	 than	 transformational	 leadership.	 This	 is	
                                  those	with	higher	quality	relationships	form	an	“in-                                                                                                                         unfortunate	because	most	leadership	positions	require	
                                  group.”	More	influence	and	confidence	are	received	                                                                                                                          elements	of	both	transactional	and	transformational	
                                  by	the	subordinate	of	in-group	from	their	leaders,	                                                                                                                          leadership.	 Most	 commanders,	 for	 instance,	 not	
                                  and they are more dependable and communicative  only	 lead	 people	 but	 are	 also	 responsible	 for	
                                  in	 comparison	 to	 out-group	 subordinates;	 those	                                                                                                                         managing	resources	–	budgets,	facilities,	vehicles,	
                                  who	are	in	the	in-group	do	extra	tasks	with	more	                                                                                                                            etc.”(Domingo	&	Sa,	2017).
                                  responsibilities	(Megheirkouni,	2019).	
                                                                                                                                                                                                               Authentic Leadership
                                  Transformational and Transactional Leadership                                                                                                                                	           Bill	George	wrote	about	the	authentic	leadership	
                                  	           Transformational	                                                 leadership	                                 was	                    firstly	                   in	 his	 book	 ‘Authentic	 Leadership’	 in	 2003,	
                                  described	by	James	V.	Downton,	and	later	James	 although	it	was	originated	in	1960	to	explain	how	
                                  MacGregor	 Burns	 further	 described	 it.	 Bernard	                                                                                                                          an	organization	presents	itself	authentically	through	
                                  M.	Bass	(1985)	later	extended	the	work	of	Burns	 leadership.	This	style	is	influenced	by	the	ethical	
                                  (1978).	 Transformational	 leadership	 is	 that	 form	                                                                                                                       behavior	of	a	leader.	Authentic	leadership	comprises	
                                  of	 leadership	 in	 which	 a	 leader	 has	 an	 idealized	                                                                                                                    with	self-awareness	of	a	leader;	he	knows	his	strengths	
                                  influence	on	followers;	he	motivates	them,	provides	a	                                                                                                                       and	weaknesses,	makes	positive	relationships	with	
                                  challenging	task,	enhances	their	creativity,	and	pays	                                                                                                                       employees by inspiring and encouraging them. 
                                  individual	attention	to	the	followers.	In	1974	Max	                                                                                                                          “Authentic	leaders	are	those	who	are	deeply	aware	
                                  Weber	defined	transactional	leadership,	which	is	later	                                                                                                                      of	how	they	think	and	behave	and	are	perceived	by	
                                  defined	by	Bernard	Bass	in	1981.	“Transformational	                                                                                                                          others	as	being	aware	of	their	own	and	others’	values/
                                  behaviors	comprises	Idealized	Influence	(walking	the	                                                                                                                        moral	perspectives,	knowledge,	and	strengths;	aware	
                                  walk),	Inspirational	Motivation	(exciting	the	masses	                                                                                                                        of	the	context	in	which	they	operate;	and	who	are	
                                  and	 sharing	 the	 vision),	 Intellectual	 Stimulation	                                                                                                                      confident,	 hopeful,	 optimistic,	 resilient,	 and	 of	
                                  (thinking	 out	 of	 the	 box”),	 and	 Individualized	                                                                                                                        high	moral	character”	(T,	Bruce	J	Avolio,	Gardner,	
                                  Consideration	(compassionate	leadership)”	(Barbuto	                                                                                                                          William	L,	2005).	“According	to	George’s	concept,	
                                  &	Leadership,	2014).	Transactional	leadership	uses	                                                                                                                          several dimensions in authentic leadership include 
                                  a	carrot	and	stick	approach,	which	means	contingent	                                                                                                                         knowing	the	authentic	self,	learning	from	one’s	life	
                                  rewards	are	used	to	take	better	performance	from	                                                                                                                            story,	integrating	all	elements	of	life	(work,	family,	
                                  followers.	Those	employees	who	perform	nicely	are	                                                                                                                           community	 and	 friends),	 building	 support	 teams,	
                                  rewarded,	and	those	who	perform	below	standard	 balancing the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, 
                                  or	            unsatisfactorily	                                       are	              punished	 accordingly.	                                                             practicing personal values and empowering people 
                                  “Transactional	                                        behaviors	                             include	                        laissez-faire	                                 to	lead.	“(Ghazzawi	et	al.,	2018).
                                  (hands-off	 leadership),	 management-by-exception	
                                       http://www.shanlaxjournals.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   41
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...Shanlax international journal of commerce since open access a systematic review various leadership theories volume vivek deshwal research scholar department aligarh muslim university uttar pradesh india issue mohd ashraf ali month january abstract year is an essential element in the success any organization style used has great influence on behavior employees and thus their productivity directly relates to it there are several developed which defines its way continuous p issn development this field current study examines that emerged lit erature like trait behavioral contingency emerging described e briefly found as time passed see also changed styles transformational transactional authentic ethical servant new dimensions suit changing business environment received keywords theory behavioural full range model accepted introduction always been evergreen topic organizational published come group people needs leader achieve citation goal efficiently effectively yukl defined process influe...

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