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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
REVIEW ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUE
1 2 3 4
Rupali V.Pawar , Shradha V.Dhumal , Gayatri M.Minigi , Prof.Ashwini Waghule ,
5
Prof. Yogesh Navkar
1,2,3Under Graduation Student, Department of Civil Engineering DYPSOET Pune, Maharashtra
4,5Professors, Department of Civil Engineering, DYPSOET Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract - Stabilization is a broad sense for the various become totally suitable for construction. Many waste
methods employed and modifying the properties of a soil to materials are used to modify the characteristics of soft soils.
improve its engineering performance and used for a variety The soils are stabilized by lime, cement, fly ash etc. The
of engineering works. In today’s soil stabilization is the engineering properties of soft soil subgrade layer may need
major problem for civil engineers, either for construction of to be improved to make such as soil good for construction by
road and also for increasing the strength or stability of soil using stabilization method. Pavement subgrade stabilization
and reduces the construction cost. Soil stabilization can be relied on treatment with Blast furnace slag, cement, fly ash,
explained as the alteration of the soil properties by chemical and micro silica fume.
or physical means in order to enhance the engineering 1.1 Methods:-
quality of the soil. The main objective of the soil stabilization
is to increase the bearing capacity of the soil, its resistance to 1. Mechanical Methods Of Stabilization:
weathering process and soil permeability. Due to rapid
growth of urbanization and industrialization, minimization In this procedure, soils of different gradations are mixed
of industrial waste is serious problem in present days. To together to obtain the desired property in the soil.This may
encounter this innovative and nontraditional research on be done at the site or at some other place from where it can
waste utilization is gaining importance now a days. Soil be transported easily. The last blend isthen compacted by
improvement using the waste material like Slags, Rice husk the regular strategies to get the required thickness.
ash, Silica fume etc. In geotechnical engineering has been
recommanded from environmental point of view. 2. Additive Method Of Stabilization:
This paper reviews on the influence of blast furnace slag, fly The addition of manufactured products into the soil, which
ash and micro silica when used as admixtures with black in appropriate amounts improves the nature of thesoil.
cotton soil to improve various properties of soil. Materials such as cement, lime, bitumen, fly ash etc., are used
Key Words: Stabilization, Fly Ash , Micro Silica , Blast as synthetic additives.
Furnance Slag, C.B.R. , U.C.S. , B.C.Soil -It enhances the quantity of the soil hence, expanding the soil
1. INTRODUCTION bearing limit.
Civil engineering projects located in areas with soft soil is -Stabilization enhances the workability and the strength of
one of the most common problems in many parts of the the soil.
world. The old usual method to soft soil stabilization is to - It helps in lessening the soil volume change.
remove the soft soil and replace it with stronger materials.
The high cost of this method has driven the researchers to 1.2 Materials:
look for alternative methods and one of these methods is the
process of the soil stabilization. Soil stabilization is the 1) Blast Furnace Slag:-
technique introduced many years ago with main purpose to Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) Blast furnace slag is
render the soil capable of meeting the requirements of the produced as a by-product during the manufacture of iron in
specific engineering projects. In addition, when the soils at a blast furnace. Molten blast furnace slag has a temperature
site are poor or when they have undesirable property of 1300-1600ᵒC and is chilled very rapidly to prevent
making them unsuitable for use in a geotechnical projects, crystallization. The granulated material thus produced is
they may have to be stabilized. known as granulated blast furnace slag. Blast furnace slag
The improvement of soil can be classified into several has a glassy, disordered, crystalline structure which can be
categories, modification or stabilization or both. The seen by microscopic examination which is responsible for
modification can be conducted by compaction or producing a cementing effect.
replacement of the original soil or mixing soil with another.
While stabilization is the treatment of soils to enable their
strength and durability to be improved such that they
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2210
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
2) Fly Ash:- 2.2. Literature Paper No. 2
Fly ash and bottom ash are part of combustion of non- J Bala Krishna, “Soil Stabilization with Flyash”,
combustible residue or combustion of sub-bituminous coal International Journal of Research Sciences and
which had been generated in such a huge quantity in electric Advanced Engineering, Volume 2, Issue 19, PP: 196 -
plants and they are by-product of burning coal that can be 208, Jul – Sep:2017
used without activators for soil stabilization. This research work presents the efficacy of sodium
3) Micro silica:- based alkaline activators and class F fly ash as an additive in
Micro silica fume is an industrial waste produced from the improving the engineering characteristics of expansive Black
smelting process of silicon metal and ferrosilicon alloy cotton soils. Sodium hydroxide concentrations of 10, 12.5
production. It contain high amount of extremely fine and and 15 molal along with 1 Molar solution of sodium silicate
amphrous size particles. Micro silica fume has been used in were used as activators. The activator to ash ratios was kept
civil engineering works as a binder material in a between 1 and 2.5 and ash percentages of 20, 30 and 40 %,
combination with cement materials or individual for soil relatively to the total solids. The effectiveness of this binder
stabilization and given great results. Micro silica fume is tested by conducting the Unconfined compressive strength
improves compressive strength, bond strength, abrasion (UCS) at curing periods of 3,7 and 28 days and is compared
resistance, and reduce permeability, and its available in two with that of a common fly ash based binder, also the most
conditions: dry and wet. effective mixtures were analysed for mineralogy with XRD.
Suitability of alkaline activated fly ash mix as a grouting
2. LITERATURE REVIEW material is also ascertained by studying the rheological
properties of the grout such as, setting time, density and
2.1. Literature Paper No. 1 viscosity and is compared with that of common cement
grouts. Results shows that the fluidity of the grouts correlate
Amanpreet Tangri, Gagandeep “Effect of Blast Furnace very well with UCS, with an increase in the former resulting
Slag on Various Properties of Clayey Soil: A Review”, in a decrease in the latter. In this work a new idea of
International Journal for Scientific Research & stabilizing the expansive soil using alkali activated fly ash
Development, ISSN (online): 2321-0613, Vol. 6, Issue 03, was discussed. The chemical sodium hydroxide and sodium
2018 silicate were used as a chemical activator for the fly ash. The
method of sample preparation, proportion of chemical
In the present civil engineering world sometimes the additive, curing of sample and changes in basic geotechnical
foundation soil is not suitable for construction purpose. This properties of expansive soil
creates lots of problem to civil engineer during the 2.3. Literature Survey No. 3
execution. To make the problematic soil suitable for
engineering projects is known as ground improvement. So Er. Rehana Rasool , Er. Kshipra Kapoor , “Comparative
for the purpose of ground improvement we use numerous Study on Stabilization of Soil with Ground Granulated
types of admixtures like cement, lime, blast furnace slag, rice Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)”, International Journal of
husk ash, fly ash etc. This paper reviews on the influence of Latest Research in Science and Technology, ISSN
blast furnace slag when used alone or with some other (Online):2278-5299, Volume 6, Issue 3, May-June 2017
admixtures on various properties of clayey soil. From the
experimental results it has been found that by using blast Utilization of industrial waste materials in the improvement
furnace slag with admixtures like lime increases the value of of problematic soils is a cost efficient and also environmental
U.C.S and C.B.R. and the variation is also found in the friendly method in the sense that it helps in reducing
compaction characteristics of soil. disposal problems caused by the various industrial wastes.
After doing a review of various research papers we can The main objective of the present study is to improve
conclude the by using the blast furnace slag we can reduce various engineering properties of the soil by using waste
the environmental pollution and it could be used for the material Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as an
stabilization of clayey soil. As we add Blast furnace slag the alternative to lime or cement, so as to make it capable of
U.C.S and C.B.R value increases because cementation of soil taking more loads from the foundation structures. This
by pozzolanic compounds produced during the reaction of paper includes the evaluation of soil properties like
soil with blast furnace slag unconfined compressive strength test and California bearing
ratio test. The soil sample was collected from Lalru and
addition to that, different percentages of GGBS (0%, 6%, 12
%, 18 % and 24%). was added to find the variation in its
original strength. Based on these results CBR test was
performed with the GGBS percentages (0%, 6%, 12 %, 18 %
and 24%). From these results, it was found that optimum
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2211
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
GGBS (18%) gives the maximum increment in the CBR value its engineering performance and used for a variety of
compared with all the other combinations. engineering works. Soil stabilization has become the major
The study has been conducted to assess the potential of issue in construction engineering and the researches
GGBS for stabilization of the same nature of soil. Use of slag regarding the effectiveness of using industrial wastes as a
as an admixture for improving engineering properties of the stabilizer are rapidly increasing. This study briefly describes
soils is an economical solution to use the locally available the suitability of the local fly ash and ground granulated
poor soil. blast furnace slag (GGBS) to be used in the local construction
industry in a way to minimize the amount of waste to be
2.4. Literature Survey No. 4 disposed to the environment causing environmental
pollution. In this present study, different amount of fly ash
S.W.Thakare, Priti Chauhan, “Stabilization of Expansive and GGBS are added separately i.e. 5, 10, 15 and 20% by dry
Soil with Micro Silica, Lime and Fly Ash for Pavement”, weight of soil are used to study the stabilization of soil. The
performance of stabilized soil are evaluated using physical
International Journal of Engineering Research,
ISSN:2319-6890(online), 2347-5013(print), Volume and strength performance tests like specific gravity,
No.5IssueSpecial1pp:09-13 8 & 9 Jan 2016 atterberg limits, standard proctor test and California Bearing
Ratio (CBR) test at optimum moisture content. From the
Geotechnical Engineering properties of soft clayey soil results, it was found that optimum value of fly ash is 15%
deposits such as black cotton soil may need to be improved and GGBS is 20% for stabilisation of given soil based on CBR
by stabilization to make such soils suitable for construction value determined.
of road pavements. Stabilization of such soils has been The study has been conducted to assess the potential of fly
traditionally relied on treatment with lime, cement and ash and GGBS for stabilization of the same nature of soil. It is
waste materials such as fly ash. Micro silica is waste material observed that with the increases of fly ash and GGBS
obtained from electric arc furnaces. This paper presents the percentage, optimum moisture content goes on decreasing
results of stabilization of local black cotton soil with lime, fly while maximum dry density goes on increasing, hence
ash and micro silica. Series of laboratory tests have been compact ability of soil increases and making the soil more
conducted with varying percentage of these stabilizers, dense and hard.
added individually and in combinations, to determine their
optimum percentages. From the results, it is observed that 2.6. Literature Survey No. 6
CBR value, for both soaked and unsoaked conditions,
increases substantially by addition of 5% micro silica along Abdelzaher E. A. Mostafa, Mohamed. S. Ouf and Mokhtar
with 3% fly ash and 3% lime. The pavement designed with F. Elgendy “Stabilization of Subgrade Pavement Layer
these improved values of CBR indicated a marked reduction Using Silica Fume and Nano Silica” International Journal
in its thickness leading to economy in the construction of of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 3,
road pavements on or using soft clayey soils. March-2016
Stabilization of black cotton soil with lime, fly ash, lime and Many investigations have been carried out on clay subgrade
their combinations shows significant improvement in the soil; using several types of stabilizers. Due to the increase in
unconfined compressive strength of soil to the extent of 3.8 traffic loads and the importance of subgrade layer in
times that of unstabilized soil. Optimum percentages of strengthen the pavement section to prevent the earlier
micro silica, lime and fly ash for stabilizing black cotton soil damage. In this study the first step (based on the designed
are found to be 5%, 3% and 3% respectively. Black cotton experimental program) samples were prepared with and
soil stabilized with lime, fly ash, micro silica and their without any additives; the used additives were lime (L),
combinations shows noticeable improvement in soaked CBR silica fume (SF), and nanosilica (NS). The tried percentages
of soil up to extent of 6.5 times of unstabilized soil. Black of lime were 2, 4, 6 and 8% and 5, 10 and 15% for SF, while
cotton soil stabilized with lime, fly ash, micro silica and their 1, 2 and 3% used for NS. The second step was to examine the
combinations shows noticeable improvement in unsoaked physical and mechanical properties of the prepared mixes
CBR of soil up to extent of 1.8 times of unstabilized soil. using modified proctor test, Atterberg limits test, free
2.5. Literature Survey No. 5 swelling (FS%) test, unconfined compressive strength (UCS)
and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Finally, direct shear
Dayalan J, “Comparative Study On Stabilization of Soil (DS) test was carried out on the optimum mixes from the
With Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and second step. All mixes were tested after two curing periods 7
Fly Ash”, International Research Journal of Engineering and 28 days using UCS and FS%. The results indicated that
and Technology, e-ISSN: 2395 -0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072, the optimum moisture content (OMC) increased, while the
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 , May-2016 maximum dry density (MDD) dramatically decreased for all
used additives and plasticity index (P.I) decreased. The FS%
Stabilization is a broad sense for the various methods decreased, and the maximum reduction in FS% was occurred
employed and modifying the properties of a soil to improve at the two combinations (8% L + 15% SF) and (8%L+3%NS).
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2212
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
The UCS increased by adding both SF and NS activated by 2.8. Literature Survey No. 8
lime to the test soil , and the optimum percentages of the two Chhaya Negi , R.K.Yadav , A.K. Singhai, “Effect of Silica
combinations were occurred at 6%L+10%SF and Fume on Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil”,
6%L+3%NS for traditional and nanomaterials additives International Journal of Computational Engineering
respectively. So, control samples and the two optimum Research, Vol, 03, Issue, 7.
combinations have been prepared for CBR and DS tests. The
DS test was carried out at dry and submerged conditions, Due to rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization,
while CBR test was carried out at soaked condition. The minimization of industrial waste is serious problem in
results indicated that the maximum value of CBR occurred at present days. To encounter this ennovative and
8% L + 10% SF, while DS results indicated that adding nontraditional research on waste utilization is gaining
6L+10SF and 6L+3NS, the soil parameters (cohesion and importances now a days. Soil improvement using the waste
internal friction angle) have been improved material like Slags, Rice husk ash, Silica fume etc., in
2.7. Literature Survey No. 7 geotechnical engineering has been recommanded from
environmental point of view. The main objective of this
Anil Kumar Sharma, P.V. Sivapullaiah , “Ground study is to evaluate the feasibility of using Silica fume as soil
granulated blast furnace slag amended fly ash as an stabilization material. In this paper the effect of Silica fume
expansive soil stabilizer” The Japanese Geotechnical on engineering characteristics of expansive clay like Black
Society Soils and Foundations, 2016; 56(2):205–212 Cotton Soil has been presented. A series of laboratory
The potential of using a binder for stabilization of expansive experiment has been conducted on black cotton soil blended
soils that consists of a mixture of fly ash and ground with Silica fume content from 5% to 20% by weight of dry
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is evaluated in this soil. The experimental results showed a significant increase
study. The joint use of these two materials to form a binder in California bearing ratio and Unconfined compressive
provides new opportunities to enhance pozzolanic activities strength. The Differential free swell of the clay is reduced
that may reduce the swell potential and increase the from 50% to 7% with increase in Silica fume content from
unconfined compressive strength of expansive clays. The 0% to 20% respectively. The Proctor compaction results
influence of different percentages of binder on the Atterberg showed a small decrease in Maximum dry density and
limits, compaction characteristics and unconfined increase in Optimum moisture content. From this
compressive strength of an artificially-mixed soil were investigation it can be concluded that the Silica fume as a
examined. The addition of binder was shown to bring about potential to improve the characteristics of black cotton soil.
a significant improvement in these soil properties. It was The BC soil-Micro Silica change the proctor compaction
found that the liquid limit and plasticity index of the parameters. The addition of silica fume to the black cotton
expansive soil decreased considerably with the addition of soil increase the optimum moisture content and decreases
binder, while the strength improved. Adding a small amount the maximum dry density with the increase in silica fume
of lime (one percent) further improved the soil properties by content. The addition of silica fume to the black cotton soil
enhancing the pozzolanic reactivity of the binder. Based on improve the soaked CBR considerably. The addition of 20%
the results of the unconfined compressive strength tests, the silica fume to the black cotton soil increases the CBR
addition of 20% binder is recommended as optimum strength by 72% approximately. There is a significant
content. In addition, the mineralogical and morphological decrease in the swelling characterristics of the soil. The
studies of soil specimen stabilized with optimum binder degree of expansiveness reduceses from “High to Low”
content suggested the formation of hydrated particles and 3. CONCLUSIONS
cementitious compounds as a result of the reaction between
the clay and the binder. Test results indicate that the use of After doing a review of various research papers we can
GGBS mixed fly ash as binder to stabilize expansive is well conclude the by using the blast furnace slag we can reduce
suited for sustainable construction besides economic the environmental pollution and it could be used for the
benefits. stabilization of clayey soil. The primary benefits of using
In this study, an artificially-mixed expansive soil was these additives for soil stabilization are Cost Savings:
stabilized with different amounts of binder, primarily because slag is typically cheaper than cement and lime; and
consisting of fly ash and GGBS at a mixing ratio of 7:3. The Availability: because slag sources are easily available across
objective of this research was to assess the effect of fly ash- the country from nearby steel plants. Waste management
GGBS based binder on the physical properties and one of the industrial wastes can be done economically. Use
unconfined compressive strength of the soil. of slag as an admixture for improving engineering properties
of the soils is an economical solution to use the locally
available poor soil.
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2213
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