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int j curr microbiol app sci 2018 7 7 3778 3786 international journal of current microbiology and applied sciences issn 2319 7706 volume 7 number 07 2018 journal homepage http ...

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                                                            Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(7): 3778-3786 
                                            International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 
                                            ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 07 (2018)   
                                                                                              
                                            Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com 
                                                                                              
                       Review Article                                                               https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.438  
                        
                              A Review on Plant Tissue Culture, A Technique for Propagation and 
                                                      Conservation of Endangered Plant Species 
                                                                                             
                                                                       1,2                       1                                           1
                                          Ojo Michael Oseni *, Veena Pande  and Tapan Kumar Nailwal  
                                                                                             
                                                     1                                       
                                                      Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital,  
                                                                    Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal-263136, India 
                                         2Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria  
                                                                                             
                                                                            *Corresponding author  
                                                                                             
                                                                                              
                                                 ABSTRACT 
                       
                              
                      Keywords                                        
                                                  Plant  tissue  culture  has  been  widely  employed  in  area  of  agriculture, 
                                                                      
                      Plant tissue culture,       horticulture, forestry and plant breeding. It is an applied biotechnology used 
                             
                      Propagation,                for mass propagation, virus elimination, secondary metabolite production 
                                                                      
                      Conservation,               and in-vitro cloning of plants. Recently, plant tissue culture has been used 
                             
                      Endangered plant                                
                                                  for the conservation of endangered plant species through short and medium 
                      Article Info                                    
                                                  term conservation also known as slow growth and cryopreservation also 
                             
                                                                      
                      Accepted:                   known as long term conservation. These methods had been successfully 
                             
                      26 June 2018                                    
                                                  used to conserve plant species with recalcitrant seeds or dormant seeds and 
                      Available Online:  
                                                                      
                      10 July 2018                showed greater advantage over the conventional methods of conservation.   
                                                                      
                      Introduction                                                              as the direct or indirect cause of most modern 
                                                                                                extinctions.  The  primary  threats  to  these 
                      Conservation of natural resources is the wise                             species  include  residential  and  commercial 
                      use  of  the  earth's  resources  by  humanity.                           development;  overexploitation  via  fishing, 
                      Usher  (2000)  defined  conservation  as  the                             hunting, or collecting; disturbance by humans 
                      maintenance            of      genetic,        species,        and        during  work  and  recreational  activities; 
                      ecosystem diversity in the natural abundance                              pollution;  and  the  introduction  of  exotic 
                      in  which  they  occur.  Thomas  (2003)  sees                             species  (Venter  et  al.,  2006;  Prugh  et  al., 
                      conservation  as  the  sacrifice  of  immediate                           2010; McCune et al., 2013).  
                      rewards  in  return  for  delayed  ones.  As  the                          
                      global  human  population  approaches  eight                              The  two  main  methods  of  conserving 
                      billion, there is growing concern about the rate                          biodiversity          are:       ex-situ        and       in-situ 
                      of extinction of other species that inhabit our                           conservation.  Ex-situ  conservation  is  the 
                      planet  (Barnosky  et  al.,  2011;  Dirzo  et  al.,                       process  of  protecting  or  preserving  an 
                      2014). Compelling evidence points to humans                               endangered species of either plants or animal 
                                                                                         3778     
                       
                                              Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(7): 3778-3786 
                 outside  of  its  natural  habitat  either  by         In-vitro  organ  culture  offers  an  alternative 
                 removing  whole  or  part  of  that  population        source  for  the  conservation  of  endangered 
                 from the threatened habitat and placing it in a        genotypes (Sengar et al., 2010), which can be 
                 new environment which may be a wild area or            achieved  using  slow  growth  (short  and 
                 within  human  control  environment.  Methods          medium  term  conservation)  procedure  or 
                 of    ex-situ   conservation     are    Biological     cryopreservation      (long-term     conservation) 
                 Gardens, Seed bank, Gene bank, Germplasm               (Scherwinski-Pereira  et  al.,  2010).  Tissue 
                 bank  and  In-vitro  storage.  While  in-situ          culture protocols can be used for preservation 
                 conservation  involves  the  conservation  and         of plant tissues or organ when the targets for 
                 preservation of species in their natural habitat       conservation are clones instead of seeds. This 
                 in places where the species naturally occurs.          helps to keep the genetic background of a crop 
                 Under  this  method  the  entire  ecosystem  is        and  to  avoid  the  loss  of  the  conserved 
                 protected  and  maintained  so  that  all  the         patrimony  due  to  natural  disasters,  whether 
                 constituent species, both known and unknown            biotic  or  abiotic  stress  (Tyagi  et  al.,  2007). 
                 are  conserved.  The  main  methods  of  in-situ       The plant species which do not produce seeds 
                 conservations are: Strict nature reserve (SNR),        (sterile  plants)  or  which  have  „recalcitrant‟ 
                 Games  Reserve  and  National  Park.  In-situ          seeds that cannot be stored for long period of 
                 conservation has been made almost impossible           time can successfully be conserved via in-vitro 
                 due to the disappearance of large wild areas as        techniques for the maintenance of gene banks. 
                 a result of natural disasters, pests, pathogens        The  method  also  reduced  storage  space  for 
                 and  threats  from  changing  government               maintaining a large number of explants in an 
                 policies  and  urban  development.  Ex-situ            aseptic environment, the stored materials are 
                 Conservation is very difficult to carry out due        readily available for use and it can be easily 
                 to the following problems: an adequate sample          seen to be alive. 
                 has to be taken for the conservation of genetic         
                 diversity,  land  space  requirement  is  very         Plant tissue culture 
                 important,  particularly  in  the  case  of  forest     
                 trees  which  are  very  large,  whereas  land         Plant  tissue  culture  is  the  in  vitro  aseptic 
                 availability drastically decreases, labour costs       culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant 
                 and trained personnel (Engelman, 1991).                under controlled nutritional and environmental 
                                                                        conditions (Thorpe, 2007) often to produce the 
                 Plant  tissue  culture  is  a  modern  method  of      clones of plants. The resultant clones are true-
                 propagation and conservation of plant species.         to  type  of  the  selected  genotype.  The 
                 Apart  from  their  use  as  a  tool  of  research,    controlled  conditions  provide  the  culture  an 
                 plant tissue culture techniques have in recent         environment conducive  for  their  growth  and 
                 years, become of major industrial importance           multiplication.     These    conditions     include 
                 in  the  area  of  plant  propagation,  disease        proper  supply  of  nutrients,  pH  medium, 
                 elimination,      plant     improvement         and    adequate temperature and proper gaseous and 
                 production  of  secondary  metabolites.  Small         liquid    environment.  Plant  tissue  culture 
                 pieces of tissue (named explants) can be used          technology  is  being  widely  used  for  large 
                 to produce hundreds and thousands of plants            scale plant multiplication. Apart from their use 
                 in a continuous process. A single explant can          as  a  tool  of  research,  plant  tissue  culture 
                 be multiplied into several thousand plants in          techniques  have  in  recent  years,  become  of 
                 relatively  short  time  period  and  space  under     major  industrial  importance  in  the  area  of 
                 controlled  conditions,  irrespective  of  the         plant  propagation,  disease  elimination,  plant 
                 season  and  weather  on  a  year  round  basis        improvement  and  production  of  secondary 
                 (Akin-Idowu et al., 2009).                             metabolites.  Small  pieces  of  tissue  (named 
                                                                    3779 
                  
                                             Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(7): 3778-3786 
                 explants) can be used to produce hundreds and         obtained  in  controlled  conditions  (Singh, 
                 thousands of plants in a continuous process. A        1992).  
                 single  explant  can  be  multiplied  into several     
                 thousand plants in relatively short time period       Plant  tissue  culture  medium  contains  all  the 
                 and  space  under  controlled  conditions,            nutrients required for the normal growth and 
                 irrespective  of  the  season  and  weather  on  a    development of plants. It is mainly composed 
                 year  round  basis  (Akin-Idowu  et  al.,  2009).     of  macronutrients,  micronutrients,  vitamins, 
                 Endangered, threatened and rare species have          other  organic  components,  plant  growth 
                 successfully  been  grown  and  conserved  by         regulators,  carbon  source  and  some  gelling 
                 micropropagation because of high coefficient          agents  in  case  of  solid  medium.  Murashige 
                 of  multiplication  and  small  demands  on           and  Skoog  medium  (MS  medium)  is  most 
                 number of initial plants and space. In addition,      extensively     used     for    the    vegetative 
                 plant  tissue  culture  is  considered  to  be  the   propagation  of  many  plant  species  in  vitro. 
                 most     efficient    technology      for    crop     The  pH  of  the  media  is  also  important  that 
                 improvement by the production of somaclonal           affects both the growth of plants and activity 
                 and       gametoclonal        variants.       The     of plant growth regulators. It is adjusted to the 
                 micropropagation  technology  has  a  vast            value  between  5.4  -  5.8.  Both  the  solid  and 
                 potential to produce plants of superior quality,      liquid medium can be used for culturing. The 
                 isolation  of  useful  variants  in  well-adapted     composition  of  the  medium,  particularly  the 
                 high  yielding  genotypes  with  better  disease      plant  hormones  and  the  nitrogen  source  has 
                 resistance  and  stress  tolerance  capacities        profound effects on the response of the initial 
                 (Brown  and  Thorpe,  1995).  Certain  type  of       explant. Plant growth regulators (PGR‟s) play 
                 callus  cultures  give  rise  to  clones  that  have  an    essential   role    in   determining     the 
                 inheritable characteristics different from those      development  pathway  of  plant  cells  and 
                 of  parent  plants  due  to  the  possibility  of     tissues  in  culture  medium.  The  auxins, 
                 occurrence of somaclonal variability (George          cytokinins     and    gibberellins    are    most 
                 1993),  which  leads  to  the  development  of        commonly used plant growth regulators. The 
                 commercially  important  improved  varieties.         type and the concentration of hormones used 
                 Commercial  production  of  plants  through           depend mainly on the species of the plant, the 
                 micropropagation  techniques  has  several            tissue or organ cultured and the objective of 
                 advantages  over  the  traditional  methods  of       the  experiment  (Ting,  1982).  Auxins  and 
                 propagation  through  seed,  cutting,  grafting       cytokinins are most widely used plant growth 
                 and  air-layering  etc.  It  is  rapid  propagation   regulators  in  plant  tissue  culture  and  their 
                 processes  that  can  lead  to  the  production  of   amount  determined  the  type  of  culture 
                 plants  virus  free  (Garcia-Gonzales  et  al.,       established    or    regenerated.     The     high 
                 2010).  Coryodalis  yanhusuo,  an  important          concentration of auxins generally favors root 
                 medicinal  plant  was  propagated  by  somatic        formation, whereas the high concentration of 
                 embryogenesis  from  tuber-derived  callus  to        cytokinins  promotes  shoot  regeneration.  A 
                 produce  disease  free  tubers  (Sagare  et  al.,     balance of both auxin and cytokinin leads to 
                 2000). Meristem tip culture of banana plants          the  development  of  mass  of  undifferentiated 
                 devoid from banana bunchy top virus (BBTV)            cells   known  as  callus.  Maximum  root 
                 and  brome  mosaic  virus  (BMV)  were                induction  and  proliferation  was  found  in 
                 produced (El-Dougdoug and El-Shamy, 2011).            Stevia  rebaudiana,  when  the  medium  is 
                 Higher yields have been obtained by culturing         supplemented  with  0.5  mg/l  NAA  (Rafiq  et 
                 pathogen free germplasm in vitro. Increase in         al.,  2007). Cytokinins generally promote cell 
                 yield  up  to  150% of virus-free potatoes was        division  and  induce  shoot  formation  and 
                                                                  3780 
                  
                                            Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(7): 3778-3786 
                axillary shoot proliferation. High cytokinin to      embryos.  Highest  efficiency  of  embryonic 
                auxin ratio promotes shoot proliferation while       callus  was  induced  by  culturing  nodal  stem 
                high auxin to cytokinins ratio results in root       segments  of  rose  hybrids  on  medium 
                formation  (Rout,  2004).  Shoot  initiation  and    supplemented with various PGR‟s alone or in 
                proliferation  was found  maximum, when the          combination  (Xiangqian  et  al.,  2002).  This 
                callus of black pepper was shifted to medium         embryonic  callus  showed  high  germination 
                supplemented with BA at the concentration of         rate  of  somatic  embryos  when  grown  on 
                0.5 mg/l (Hussain et al., 2011).                     abscisic    acid    (ABA)      alone.    Somatic 
                                                                     embryogenesis  is  not  only  a  process  of 
                Somatic embryogenesis                                regenerating the plants for mass propagation 
                                                                     but also regarded as a valuable tool for genetic 
                Somatic embryogenesis is an in vitro method          manipulation. The process can also be used to 
                of  plant  regeneration  widely  used  as  an        develop the plants that are resistant to various 
                important biotechnological tool for sustained        kinds  of  stresses  (Bouquet  and  Terregrosa, 
                clonal  propagation.  It  is  a  process  by  which  2003) and to introduce the genes by genetic 
                somatic    cells   or   tissues   develop     into   transformation  (Maynard  et  al.,  1998).  A 
                differentiated    embryos.      These    somatic     successful  protocol  has  been  developed  for 
                embryos  can  develop  into  whole  plants           regeneration of cotton cultivars with resistance 
                without  undergoing  the  process  of  sexual        to Fusarium and Verticillium wilts (Han et al., 
                fertilization as done by zygotic embryos. The        2009). 
                somatic  embryogenesis  can  be  initiated            
                directly from the explants or indirectly by the      Organogenesis  
                establishment  of  mass  of  unorganized  cells       
                named callus. Plant regeneration via somatic         Organogenesis is refered to the production of 
                embryogenesis  occurs  by  the  induction  of        plant organs i.e. roots, shoots and leaves that 
                embryogenic cultures from zygotic seed, leaf         may  arise  directly  from  the  meristem  or 
                or stem segment and further multiplication of        indirectly   from  the  undifferentiated  cell 
                embryos.  Mature  embryos  are  then  cultured       masses  (callus).     Plant    regeneration    via 
                for germination and plantlet development, and        organogenesis involves the callus production 
                finally transferred to soil                          and differentiation  of  adventitious  meristems 
                                                                     into  organs  by  altering  the  concentration  of 
                Somatic embryogenesis has been reported in           plant  growth  hormones  in  nutrient  medium. 
                many  plants  including  trees  and  ornamental      Skoog and Muller (Skoog and Miller, 1957) 
                plants of different families. The phenomenon         were the first who demonstrated that high ratio 
                has  been  observed  in  some  cactus  species       of cytokinin to auxin stimulated the formation 
                (Torres-Munoz  and  Rodriguez-Garay,  1996).         of shoots in tobacco callus while high auxin to 
                There  are  various  factors  that  affect  the      cytokinin ratio induced root regeneration. 
                induction    and    development  of  somatic          
                embryos in cultured cells. A highly efficient        Slow growth of cultured plants 
                protocol  has  been  reported  for  somatic           
                embryogenesis  on  grapevine  (Jayasankar  et        Slow growth is usually achieved by reducing 
                al.,   1999)    that   showed     higher    plant    the culture temperature, by modifying culture 
                regeneration  sufficiently  when  the  tissues       media with supplements of osmotic agents and 
                were cultured in liquid medium. Plant growth         growth  inhibitors,  or  by  removing  growth 
                regulators  play  an  important  role  in  the       promoters to reduce the cellular metabolism of 
                regeneration  and  proliferation  of  somatic        the  material,  striving  to  maximize  the  time 
                                                                 3781 
                 
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...Int j curr microbiol app sci international journal of current microbiology and applied sciences issn volume number homepage http www ijcmas com review article https doi org a on plant tissue culture technique for propagation conservation endangered species ojo michael oseni veena pande tapan kumar nailwal department biotechnology kumaun university nainital bhimtal campus india botany obafemi awolowo ile ife nigeria corresponding author abstract keywords has been widely employed in area agriculture horticulture forestry breeding it is an used mass virus elimination secondary metabolite production vitro cloning plants recently the through short medium info term also known as slow growth cryopreservation accepted long these methods had successfully june to conserve with recalcitrant seeds or dormant available online july showed greater advantage over conventional introduction direct indirect cause most modern extinctions primary threats natural resources wise include residential commercia...

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