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                    Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and Quality of Life of School-age Children | 1 
                   
                                                               
                                Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and 
                                         Quality of Life of School-age Children 
                                                               
                                                             
                                                              
                       Romella C. Lina, Matthew Daniel V. Leysa, Zarah DF. Libozada, Maria Francesca I. Lirio, 
                              Angelo A. Liwag, Gabriel D. Ramos, Margaret M. Natividad, RN, M.Ed. 
                                                              
                          College of Nursing, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila, Philippines 1015 
              ______________________________________________________________________________ 
                                                            
                                                       ABSTRACT 
                                                              
              Background: Asthma affects not only the physiological status of school-age children but also their over-
              all functional capacity. This may eventually impede personality development if not managed promptly 
              and adequately.  
               
              Objective:  This  study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Buteyko Method in  improving asthma 
              control and quality of life of school-age children.   
               
              Methods: This study utilized a pre-test – post test design to measure the changes in asthma control and 
              quality  of  life  after  the  administration  of  Buteyko  Method.  Fourteen  (14)  subjects  diagnosed  with 
              bronchial asthma, age 7 - 11 years old participated in the study. They were equally divided into two 
              groups: the control group received no intervention while the experimental group was asked to attend 
              sessions of Buteyko Method lecture and demonstration. The experimental group was visited for three (3) 
              consecutive weeks to monitor their progress and compliance. Moreover, each group was asked to answer 
              ACQ pre- and post-intervention and PAQLQ before the start of the intervention phase and every week 
              during the follow-up visits. 
               
              Results:  In  comparing the asthma control pre-test and post-test mean scores of the control group, no 
              significant difference was noted (p=0.177) while the experimental group showed a significant difference 
              after the administration of Buteyko Method (p=0.002). On the contrary, the quality of life pre-test and 
              post-test mean scores of the control group showed no significant difference in any week within one month 
              of follow-up (p=0.736, 0.604, 0.689). On the other hand, the experimental group showed a significant 
              difference on the third visit (p = 0.035) and fourth visit (p=0.002) but no significant difference on the 
              second visit (p=0.111). 
               
              Conclusion: The use of Buteyko Method within 3-4 weeks as an adjunct to conventional management of 
              asthma helps in improving asthma control and quality of life of school-age children. 
               
              Keywords: Buteyko Method, Asthma, School-age children, Asthma Control, Quality of life 
              ______________________________________________________________________________ 
                                      
              Introduction                                    (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
                     Asthma     is   defined    as   an       2012). It is considered as a chronic illness 
              inflammatory   disease   of  the  airways       which  affects  not  only  the  physiological 
              manifested    by    coughing,   wheezing,       status  of  the  patient  but  also  his  over-all 
              shortness  of  breath  and  chest  tightness    functional capacity and productivity. In fact, 
                   
                        Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and Quality of Life of School-age Children | 2 
                       
                 approximately  235  million  people  suffer               illness is a punishment for his or his parent’s 
                 from  asthma  and  it  is  the  most  common              sins. They may also view their condition as 
                 chronic  disease  among  children  (World                 permanent  and  may  fear  that  it  would 
                 Health Organization, 2011).                               progressively  worsen.  As  a  result,  their 
                         In  a  recent  study  on  the  prevalence         misconception  about  their  illness  can 
                 of asthma in 12 Asia Pacific Countries, de                possibly  lead  to  inability  to  deal  with  the 
                 Guia  states  that  10.7  million  Filipinos  are         symptoms  and  to  cope  on  a  physical  and 
                 suffering  from  asthma  and  49%  of  them               psychological  level  (Theofanidis,  2007).
                 have    uncontrolled     symptoms.       In   the                 In connection to this, it is necessary 
                 Philippines,    limited   reports    showed  a            to  give  prompt  management  to  adequately 
                 prevalence rate of 12% in children aged 13-               control  asthmatic  symptoms  and  minimize 
                 14 years old and 12-22% in older age groups               the occurrence of acute exacerbation; thus, 
                 (Mendoza, De la Cruz, Banzon, Ayuyao &                    preventing its drastic effects from restricting 
                 De Guia, 2007). Furthermore, according to                 the  child’s  development.  This  can  be 
                 American Academy of  Allergy  Asthma  &                   achieved        through        pharmacological 
                 Immunology (AAAAI), asthma accounts for                   management  and  other  complementary 
                 approximately 500,000 hospitalizations each               alternative  medicine  (CAM)  therapy  as  an 
                 year  and  it  is  the  third-ranking  cause  of          adjunct.  An  example  of  CAM  therapy  is 
                 hospitalization  among  children  under  15               Buteyko  Method  which  was  developed  in 
                 years  old  (United  States  Environmental                Russia in the year 1952 by Dr. Konstantin 
                 Protection Agency, 2012).                                 Buteyko  who  postulated  that  asthma  is 
                         The  possible  effects  of  asthma  to            caused by hyperventilation. This technique 
                 school-age  children  are  often  attributed  to          aims  to  train  asthmatic  clients  to  reduce 
                 restrictions in activity. Considering the fact            ventilation  by  educating  them  about  the 
                 that  these  children  are  in  the  phase  of            proper  way  of  holding  their  breath  at 
                 Industry  vs.  Inferiority  according  to  Erik           functional  residual  capacity  and  about  the 
                 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this chronic               importance  of  mouth-taping  at  night  to 
                 illness in its acute exacerbation can hinder  a           increase alveolar and arterial carbon dioxide 
                 child’s   development  as  it  limits  his                tension  (Cooper,  Oborne,  Harrison  & 
                 opportunity to perform his role not only in               Tattersfield, 2009). 
                 school  and  at  home  but  also  in  the                         With  the  aforementioned  problems, 
                 community. Thus, failure to feel a sense of               this  research  study  is  geared  towards 
                 accomplishment        can     result    to    the         determining  the  effectiveness  of  Buteyko 
                 development  of  inferiority  (Cherry,  2011).            Method  as  a  safe  nonpharmacotherapeutic 
                         Through this stage, the child is also             method of alleviating symptoms of asthma 
                 expected  to  acquire  and  master  new  skills           to  decrease  treatment  costs  and  to  prevent 
                 and  to  assume  responsibilities.  Occurrence            the aggravation of the client’s condition. It 
                 of  situations  such  as  physical  and  mental           also  aims  to  educate  asthmatic  clients 
                 limitations may lead to the development of a              regarding  adequate  asthma control  through 
                 sense of inadequacy or failure to feel a sense            proper    breathing     to    maximize      their 
                 of accomplishment (Hockenberry & Wilson,                  functional  capacity  and  ability  to  perform 
                 2007).                                                    physical activities. In connection to this, the 
                         At their young age, children may not              researchers     aim     to     determine      the 
                 be able to comprehend the complexities of                 effectiveness of Buteyko Method in asthma 
                 the diagnosis and treatment. Thus, confusion              control  and  quality  of  life  of  school-age 
                 may arise and children may think that their               children. 
                       
                         Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and Quality of Life of School-age Children | 3 
                        
                  Literature Review                                             4.  Is   there    a    significant    difference 
                                                                                    between  the  asthma  control  pre-test 
                  Theoretical Framework                                             and post-test scores of the: 
                                                                                    4.1. control group? 
                          The  study  utilized  Myra  Levine’s                      4.2. experimental group? 
                  Conservation  theory  as  it  focuses  on                     5.  What  are  the  quality  of  life  pre-test 
                  promoting adaptation  and  wholeness  using                       mean  scores  of  the  control  and 
                  the  principle  of  conservation  of  structural,                 experimental group? 
                  personal  and  social  integrity.  Conservation               6.  Is there a significant difference in the 
                  of   structural    integrity    refers    to    the               quality  of  life  pre-test  mean  scores 
                  maintenance  and  restoration  of  the  body                      between the control and experimental 
                  structure  to  prevent  physical  breakdown  and  to  promote     group? 
                  healing. On the other hand, the conservation                  7.  What are  the  quality  of  life  post-test 
                  of   personal      integrity    addresses     each                mean  scores  of  the  control  and 
                  individual  as  someone  who  strives  for                        experimental group? 
                  recognition, respect, self awareness and self                 8.  Is   there    a    significant    difference 
                  determination  while  the  conservation  of                       between the quality of life pre-test and 
                  social integrity refers to the preservation of                    post-test scores of the: 
                  human interaction (Fandino, et. al., 2009). In                      8.1.     control group? 
                  connection  to  this,  the  research  study  is                     8.2.     experimental group? 
                  geared  towards  controlling  symptoms  of                    9.  Is   there    a    significant    difference 
                  asthma  to  help  these  school-age  children                     between  the  asthma  control  post-test 
                  continue  performing  their  role  in  home,                      scores of the control and experimental 
                  school and community for them to achieve a                        group? 
                  sense    of    accomplishment  despite  the                   10. Is   there    a    significant    difference 
                  physical  limitations  due  to  their  chronic                    between the  quality  of  life  post  test-
                  condition.                                                        scores of the control and experimental 
                                                                                    group? 
                  Research Questions                                           
                                                                              Research Hypotheses 
                          This     research    study     aimed  to             
                  determine  the  effectiveness  of  Buteyko                  Null  hypothesis  1  (H 1):    There  is  no 
                                                                                                          0
                  Method in asthma control and in improving                   significant difference in asthma control pre-
                  the quality of life of school-age children. It              test  mean  scores  between  the  control  and 
                  sought to answer the following questions:                   experimental group. 
                    1.  What  are  the  asthma  control  pre-test              
                        mean  scores  of  the  control  and                   Null  hypothesis  2  (H 2):    There  is  no 
                                                                                                          0
                        experimental group?                                   significant  difference  between  the  asthma 
                    2.  Is there a significant difference in the              control  pre-test  and  post-test  scores  of  the 
                        asthma  control  pre-test  mean  scores               control group. 
                        between the control and experimental                   
                        group?                                                Null  Hypothesis  3  (H 3):    There  is  no 
                                                                                                          0
                    3.  What are the asthma control post-test                 significant  difference  between  the  asthma 
                        mean  scores  of  the  control  and                   control  pre-test  and  post-test  scores  of  the 
                        experimental group?                                   experimental group. 
                        
                        Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and Quality of Life of School-age Children | 4 
                       
                 Null  Hypothesis  4  (H 4):  There  is  no                breathlessness, inflammation of airways and 
                                             0
                 significant difference in quality of life pre-            increased mucus production.  
                 test  mean  scores  between  the  control  and                    The  four  cardinal  rules  of  Buteyko 
                 experimental group.                                       Method  are  as  follows:  (1)  keeping  the 
                                                                           mouth closed; (2) keeping the back straight; 
                 Null  Hypothesis  5  (H 5):    There  is  no              (3)  breathing  softly  and  quietly;  and,  (4) 
                                            0
                 significant difference between the quality of             eating only when hungry. 
                 life  pre-test  and  post-test  scores  of  the            
                 control group.                                            Asthma 
                                                                            
                 Null  Hypothesis  6  (H 6):    There  is  no                      Asthma       is    defined      as    an 
                                            0
                 significant difference between the quality of             inflammatory      disease    of   the   airways 
                 life  pre-test  and  post-test  scores  of  the           manifested      by     coughing,      wheezing, 
                 experimental group.                                       shortness  of  breath  and  chest  tightness 
                                                                           (Center for Disease and Control Prevention, 
                 Null  Hypothesis  7  (H 7):    There  is  no              2012). It is considered as a chronic illness 
                                            0
                 significant  difference  between  the  asthma             which  affects  not  only  the  physiological 
                 control  post-test  scores  of  the  control  and         status  of  the  patient  but  also  his  over-all 
                 experimental group.                                       functional capacity and productivity. In fact, 
                                                                           approximately  235  million  people  suffer 
                 Null  Hypothesis  8  (H 8):    There  is  no              from  asthma  and  it  is  the  most  common 
                                            0
                 significant difference between the quality of             chronic  disease  among  children.  In  the 
                 life  post  test-scores  of  the  control  and            Philippines,    limited   reports    showed  a 
                 experimental group.                                       prevalence rate of 12% in children aged 13-
                                                                           14 years old and 12-22% in older age groups 
                 Review of Related Literature                              (Mendoza, De la Cruz, Banzon, Ayuyao & 
                                                                           De Guia, 2007). Asthma affects 235 million 
                 Buteyko Method                                            people  today  and  the  prevalence  is  rising 
                                                                           (The  Global  Asthma  Report  2011.  Paris, 
                         Buteyko  Method  is  an  alternative              France:  The  International  Union  Against 
                 breathing  exercise  that  can  help  patients            Tuberculosis  and  Lung  Disease,  2011). 
                 control  the  symptoms of asthma (Godfrey,                According to asthma statistics compiled by 
                 2010). Buteyko Method was developed by a                  the American Academy of Allergy Asthma 
                 Ukrainian physician named Dr. Konstantin                  & Immunology (AAAAI), there  are about 
                 Buteyko in the year 1950. He postulated the               23  million  people,  including  almost  7 
                 "Hyperventilation Theory" which considers                 million children, having asthma; an average 
                 hyperventilation as the primary cause of the              of  1  out  of  every  10  school-aged  children 
                 disruption in homeostasis. This disruption is             has asthma. 
                 characterized by an imbalance in the level of                     When the breathing passages become 
                 carbon dioxide in the blood. Carbon dioxide               irritated  or  infected,  an  attack  is  triggered. 
                 is known to be a smooth muscle relaxant of                The attack may occur suddenly or develop 
                 both bronchial and arterial walls. Decreased              slowly over several days or hours. The main 
                 levels  of  carbon  dioxide  may  lead  to  a             symptoms  that  signal  an  attack  are 
                 myriad     of   symptoms  and  conditions                 wheezing,  breathlessness,  chest  tightness, 
                 including  exacerbation  of  asthma  such  as             coughing  and  difficulty  of  speaking. 
                 bronchial       spasm,      chest      tightness, 
                       
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...Effectiveness of buteyko method in asthma control and quality life school age children romella c lina matthew daniel v leysa zarah df libozada maria francesca i lirio angelo a liwag gabriel d ramos margaret m natividad rn ed college nursing university santo tomas espana manila philippines abstract background affects not only the physiological status but also their over all functional capacity this may eventually impede personality development if managed promptly adequately objective study aimed to determine improving methods utilized pre test post design measure changes after administration fourteen subjects diagnosed with bronchial years old participated they were equally divided into two groups group received no intervention while experimental was asked attend sessions lecture demonstration visited for three consecutive weeks monitor progress compliance moreover each answer acq paqlq before start phase every week during follow up visits results comparing mean scores significant diffe...

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