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Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and Quality of Life of School-age Children | 1
Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and
Quality of Life of School-age Children
Romella C. Lina, Matthew Daniel V. Leysa, Zarah DF. Libozada, Maria Francesca I. Lirio,
Angelo A. Liwag, Gabriel D. Ramos, Margaret M. Natividad, RN, M.Ed.
College of Nursing, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila, Philippines 1015
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Background: Asthma affects not only the physiological status of school-age children but also their over-
all functional capacity. This may eventually impede personality development if not managed promptly
and adequately.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Buteyko Method in improving asthma
control and quality of life of school-age children.
Methods: This study utilized a pre-test – post test design to measure the changes in asthma control and
quality of life after the administration of Buteyko Method. Fourteen (14) subjects diagnosed with
bronchial asthma, age 7 - 11 years old participated in the study. They were equally divided into two
groups: the control group received no intervention while the experimental group was asked to attend
sessions of Buteyko Method lecture and demonstration. The experimental group was visited for three (3)
consecutive weeks to monitor their progress and compliance. Moreover, each group was asked to answer
ACQ pre- and post-intervention and PAQLQ before the start of the intervention phase and every week
during the follow-up visits.
Results: In comparing the asthma control pre-test and post-test mean scores of the control group, no
significant difference was noted (p=0.177) while the experimental group showed a significant difference
after the administration of Buteyko Method (p=0.002). On the contrary, the quality of life pre-test and
post-test mean scores of the control group showed no significant difference in any week within one month
of follow-up (p=0.736, 0.604, 0.689). On the other hand, the experimental group showed a significant
difference on the third visit (p = 0.035) and fourth visit (p=0.002) but no significant difference on the
second visit (p=0.111).
Conclusion: The use of Buteyko Method within 3-4 weeks as an adjunct to conventional management of
asthma helps in improving asthma control and quality of life of school-age children.
Keywords: Buteyko Method, Asthma, School-age children, Asthma Control, Quality of life
______________________________________________________________________________
Introduction (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Asthma is defined as an 2012). It is considered as a chronic illness
inflammatory disease of the airways which affects not only the physiological
manifested by coughing, wheezing, status of the patient but also his over-all
shortness of breath and chest tightness functional capacity and productivity. In fact,
Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and Quality of Life of School-age Children | 2
approximately 235 million people suffer illness is a punishment for his or his parent’s
from asthma and it is the most common sins. They may also view their condition as
chronic disease among children (World permanent and may fear that it would
Health Organization, 2011). progressively worsen. As a result, their
In a recent study on the prevalence misconception about their illness can
of asthma in 12 Asia Pacific Countries, de possibly lead to inability to deal with the
Guia states that 10.7 million Filipinos are symptoms and to cope on a physical and
suffering from asthma and 49% of them psychological level (Theofanidis, 2007).
have uncontrolled symptoms. In the In connection to this, it is necessary
Philippines, limited reports showed a to give prompt management to adequately
prevalence rate of 12% in children aged 13- control asthmatic symptoms and minimize
14 years old and 12-22% in older age groups the occurrence of acute exacerbation; thus,
(Mendoza, De la Cruz, Banzon, Ayuyao & preventing its drastic effects from restricting
De Guia, 2007). Furthermore, according to the child’s development. This can be
American Academy of Allergy Asthma & achieved through pharmacological
Immunology (AAAAI), asthma accounts for management and other complementary
approximately 500,000 hospitalizations each alternative medicine (CAM) therapy as an
year and it is the third-ranking cause of adjunct. An example of CAM therapy is
hospitalization among children under 15 Buteyko Method which was developed in
years old (United States Environmental Russia in the year 1952 by Dr. Konstantin
Protection Agency, 2012). Buteyko who postulated that asthma is
The possible effects of asthma to caused by hyperventilation. This technique
school-age children are often attributed to aims to train asthmatic clients to reduce
restrictions in activity. Considering the fact ventilation by educating them about the
that these children are in the phase of proper way of holding their breath at
Industry vs. Inferiority according to Erik functional residual capacity and about the
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this chronic importance of mouth-taping at night to
illness in its acute exacerbation can hinder a increase alveolar and arterial carbon dioxide
child’s development as it limits his tension (Cooper, Oborne, Harrison &
opportunity to perform his role not only in Tattersfield, 2009).
school and at home but also in the With the aforementioned problems,
community. Thus, failure to feel a sense of this research study is geared towards
accomplishment can result to the determining the effectiveness of Buteyko
development of inferiority (Cherry, 2011). Method as a safe nonpharmacotherapeutic
Through this stage, the child is also method of alleviating symptoms of asthma
expected to acquire and master new skills to decrease treatment costs and to prevent
and to assume responsibilities. Occurrence the aggravation of the client’s condition. It
of situations such as physical and mental also aims to educate asthmatic clients
limitations may lead to the development of a regarding adequate asthma control through
sense of inadequacy or failure to feel a sense proper breathing to maximize their
of accomplishment (Hockenberry & Wilson, functional capacity and ability to perform
2007). physical activities. In connection to this, the
At their young age, children may not researchers aim to determine the
be able to comprehend the complexities of effectiveness of Buteyko Method in asthma
the diagnosis and treatment. Thus, confusion control and quality of life of school-age
may arise and children may think that their children.
Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and Quality of Life of School-age Children | 3
Literature Review 4. Is there a significant difference
between the asthma control pre-test
Theoretical Framework and post-test scores of the:
4.1. control group?
The study utilized Myra Levine’s 4.2. experimental group?
Conservation theory as it focuses on 5. What are the quality of life pre-test
promoting adaptation and wholeness using mean scores of the control and
the principle of conservation of structural, experimental group?
personal and social integrity. Conservation 6. Is there a significant difference in the
of structural integrity refers to the quality of life pre-test mean scores
maintenance and restoration of the body between the control and experimental
structure to prevent physical breakdown and to promote group?
healing. On the other hand, the conservation 7. What are the quality of life post-test
of personal integrity addresses each mean scores of the control and
individual as someone who strives for experimental group?
recognition, respect, self awareness and self 8. Is there a significant difference
determination while the conservation of between the quality of life pre-test and
social integrity refers to the preservation of post-test scores of the:
human interaction (Fandino, et. al., 2009). In 8.1. control group?
connection to this, the research study is 8.2. experimental group?
geared towards controlling symptoms of 9. Is there a significant difference
asthma to help these school-age children between the asthma control post-test
continue performing their role in home, scores of the control and experimental
school and community for them to achieve a group?
sense of accomplishment despite the 10. Is there a significant difference
physical limitations due to their chronic between the quality of life post test-
condition. scores of the control and experimental
group?
Research Questions
Research Hypotheses
This research study aimed to
determine the effectiveness of Buteyko Null hypothesis 1 (H 1): There is no
0
Method in asthma control and in improving significant difference in asthma control pre-
the quality of life of school-age children. It test mean scores between the control and
sought to answer the following questions: experimental group.
1. What are the asthma control pre-test
mean scores of the control and Null hypothesis 2 (H 2): There is no
0
experimental group? significant difference between the asthma
2. Is there a significant difference in the control pre-test and post-test scores of the
asthma control pre-test mean scores control group.
between the control and experimental
group? Null Hypothesis 3 (H 3): There is no
0
3. What are the asthma control post-test significant difference between the asthma
mean scores of the control and control pre-test and post-test scores of the
experimental group? experimental group.
Effectiveness of Buteyko Method in Asthma Control and Quality of Life of School-age Children | 4
Null Hypothesis 4 (H 4): There is no breathlessness, inflammation of airways and
0
significant difference in quality of life pre- increased mucus production.
test mean scores between the control and The four cardinal rules of Buteyko
experimental group. Method are as follows: (1) keeping the
mouth closed; (2) keeping the back straight;
Null Hypothesis 5 (H 5): There is no (3) breathing softly and quietly; and, (4)
0
significant difference between the quality of eating only when hungry.
life pre-test and post-test scores of the
control group. Asthma
Null Hypothesis 6 (H 6): There is no Asthma is defined as an
0
significant difference between the quality of inflammatory disease of the airways
life pre-test and post-test scores of the manifested by coughing, wheezing,
experimental group. shortness of breath and chest tightness
(Center for Disease and Control Prevention,
Null Hypothesis 7 (H 7): There is no 2012). It is considered as a chronic illness
0
significant difference between the asthma which affects not only the physiological
control post-test scores of the control and status of the patient but also his over-all
experimental group. functional capacity and productivity. In fact,
approximately 235 million people suffer
Null Hypothesis 8 (H 8): There is no from asthma and it is the most common
0
significant difference between the quality of chronic disease among children. In the
life post test-scores of the control and Philippines, limited reports showed a
experimental group. prevalence rate of 12% in children aged 13-
14 years old and 12-22% in older age groups
Review of Related Literature (Mendoza, De la Cruz, Banzon, Ayuyao &
De Guia, 2007). Asthma affects 235 million
Buteyko Method people today and the prevalence is rising
(The Global Asthma Report 2011. Paris,
Buteyko Method is an alternative France: The International Union Against
breathing exercise that can help patients Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2011).
control the symptoms of asthma (Godfrey, According to asthma statistics compiled by
2010). Buteyko Method was developed by a the American Academy of Allergy Asthma
Ukrainian physician named Dr. Konstantin & Immunology (AAAAI), there are about
Buteyko in the year 1950. He postulated the 23 million people, including almost 7
"Hyperventilation Theory" which considers million children, having asthma; an average
hyperventilation as the primary cause of the of 1 out of every 10 school-aged children
disruption in homeostasis. This disruption is has asthma.
characterized by an imbalance in the level of When the breathing passages become
carbon dioxide in the blood. Carbon dioxide irritated or infected, an attack is triggered.
is known to be a smooth muscle relaxant of The attack may occur suddenly or develop
both bronchial and arterial walls. Decreased slowly over several days or hours. The main
levels of carbon dioxide may lead to a symptoms that signal an attack are
myriad of symptoms and conditions wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness,
including exacerbation of asthma such as coughing and difficulty of speaking.
bronchial spasm, chest tightness,
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