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picture1_Reference Ppt 81169 | Intro To Electroanalytical Chemistry(2)


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File: Reference Ppt 81169 | Intro To Electroanalytical Chemistry(2)
reading material skoog holler and crouch ch 22 an introduction to electroanalytical chemisty see also skoog et al chapters 23 25 cazes chapters 16 19 for those using electroanalytical chemistry ...

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                            Reading Material 
      ●Skoog, Holler and Crouch:  Ch. 22 (An Introduction to 
         Electroanalytical Chemisty)
      ●See also Skoog et al. Chapters 23-25.
      ●Cazes:  Chapters 16-19
      ●For those using electroanalytical chemistry in their work, 
         the following reference is recommended:
                                                                       nd
            A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, “Electrochemical Methods”, 2  
            Ed., Wiley, 2001.   
    Advantages of Electroanalytical Methods
   Matched against a wide range of spectroscopic 
   and chromatographic techniques, the techniques 
   of electroanalytical chemistry find an important 
   role for several reasons:
    – Electroanalytical methods are often specific for a 
     particular oxidation state of an element
    – Electrochemical instrumentation is relatively 
     inexpensive and can be miniaturized
    – Electroanalytical methods provide information about 
     activities (rather than concentration)
                History of Electroanalytical Methods
       Michael Faraday: the law 
         of electrolysis
           – “…the amount of a substance deposited 
              from an electrolyte by the action of a 
              current is proportional to the chemical 
              equivalent weight of the substance.”
       Walter Nernst:  the Nernst 
                                                         Michael Faraday     Walter Nernst
         equation (Nobel Prize                             (1791-1867)        (1864-1941)
         1920)
       Jaroslav Heyrovsky:  the 
         invention of polarography:  
         (Nobel Prize 1959) 
                                                                 Jaroslav Heyrovsky
                                                                    (1890-1967)
        Main Branches of Electroanalytical Chemistry
                      Interfacial                              Bulk methods
                       methods
                                    Dynamic                    Conductometry
      Static methods                methods                      (G = 1/R)
          (I = 0)                    (I > 0)
                                                                   Based on Figure 22-9 in Skoog, Holler and 
      Potentiometry                                                Crouch, 6th ed.
           (E)           Controlled            Constant 
                          potential             current 
    Voltammetry      Amperometric               Electro-           Coulometric 
      (I = f(E))       titrations              gravimetry            titrations
                        (I = f(E))                (m)                (Q = It)
     Key to measured quantity:  I = current, E = potential, R = resistance, G = 
       conductance, Q = quantity of charge, t = time, vol = volume of a standard solution, 
       m = mass of an electrodispensed species
   Main Branches of Electroanalytical Chemistry
   Potentiometry: measure the potential of electrochemical 
   cells without drawing substantial current
   – Examples: pH measurements, ion-selective electrodes, 
    titrations (e.g. KF endpoint determination)
   Coulometry:  measures the electricity required to drive an 
   electrolytic oxidation/reduction to completion
   – Examples:  titrations (KF titrant generation), 
    “chloridometers” (AgCl)
   Voltammetry:  measures current as a function of applied 
   potential under conditions that keep a working electrode 
   polarized
   – Examples:  cyclic voltammetry, many biosensors
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...Reading material skoog holler and crouch ch an introduction to electroanalytical chemisty see also et al chapters cazes for those using chemistry in their work the following reference is recommended nd a j bard l r faulkner electrochemical methods ed wiley advantages of matched against wide range spectroscopic chromatographic techniques find important role several reasons are often specific particular oxidation state element instrumentation relatively inexpensive can be miniaturized provide information about activities rather than concentration history michael faraday law electrolysis amount substance deposited from electrolyte by action current proportional chemical equivalent weight walter nernst equation nobel prize jaroslav heyrovsky invention polarography main branches interfacial bulk dynamic conductometry static g i based on figure potentiometry th e controlled constant potential voltammetry amperometric electro coulometric f titrations gravimetry m q it key measured quantity re...

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