Chapter outline:
 
  Classes of materials (categories of materials)
 
  Materials selection criteria
 
  Material properties
 
  Commonly used material of construction
 
  Materials fabrication steps
 
  Economic selection of materials
 
  Analysis  of  failure  for  metals  (types  of  failure,  finding  primary 
 cause of failure and initiate corrective action to prevent repetition).
 Classes of materials 
 Materials selection criteria
  The  most  important  characteristics  (criteria)  to  be  considered 
  when selecting a material of construction are:
  1. Mechanical and physical properties
  2. Corrosion resistance
  3. Ease of fabrication—forming, welding, casting
  4. Availability in standard sizes
  5. Cost
 1. Mechanical and physical properties
  a. Strength–tensile strength;
  b. Stiffness:
  c. Toughness–fracture resistance;
  d. Hardness–wear resistance;
  e. Fatigue resistance;
  f. Creep resistance.
 
  Tensile Strength (UTS)
  is a measure of the basic strength of a material. It is the maximum 
  stress  that  the  material  will  withstand,  measured  by  a  standard 
  tensile test.
 
  Stiffness
 the  ability  to  resist  bending  and  buckling.  It  is  a  function  of  the 
 elastic modulus of the material and the shape of the cross-section of 
 the member.
 Toughness
 The ability to absorb impact energy.
 It is a measure of the material’s resistance to crack propagation or 
 measure of ductility.