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Pmfias.com Environment: Detailed Breakdown of Contents
Solved Environment Prelims Questions (2011-15) Ecological Niche
2011-2012 Functions Of Ecosystem
2013 Ecological Succession
2014 Primary Succession
2015 Secondary Succession
Environment Difference Between Primary and Secondary
Habitat Succession
Difference between Habitat and Environment? Autogenic and Allogenic Succession
Biosphere Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession
Ecosystem Succession in Plants
Difference Between Ecology, Environment & Succession in Water
Ecosystem Homeostasis
Components of an Ecosystem Regulate
Abiotic Components Conform
Limiting factor
Effect Of Abiotic Components On Terrestrial Primary Migrate
Producers – Plants Suspend
Biotic Components Homeostasis in Ecosystem
Ecology Functions Of Ecosystem
Levels Of Organizations In Ecology Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem – Trophic
Principles of Ecology Levels
Adaptation Food Chain
Variation Types of Food Chains
Speciation Grazing food chain
Mutation Detritus food chain
Natural Selection Food Web
Evolution Biotic Interaction
Extinction Amensalism
Ecotone Predation
Characteristics of Ecotone
Parasitism
Edge Effect – Edge Species
Competition Biomes or Terrestrial Ecosystems
Commensalism Tundra Biome
Mutualism Taiga or Boreal Biome
Neutralism Temperate Deciduous Biome [North Western
Ecological Pyramids Europe]
Pyramid of Numbers Temperate Rainforest Biome
Pyramid of numbers – upright Sub-Tropical Deciduous Biome in Eastern China,
Pyramid of numbers - inverted South Eastern USA
Pyramid of Biomass Steppe or Temperate Grassland Biome
Pyramid of Biomass – Upright Temperate Deciduous Biome [Mediterranean
Pyramid of Biomass – Inverted
Region]
Pyramid of Energy
Tropical Deciduous Biome [Monsoon Climate]
Ecological Efficiency
Savanna or Tropical Wet and Dry Biome
Limitations of Ecological Pyramids
Tropical Rain Forest Biome
Pollutants And Trophic Level
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (CHC) or Organochloride Desert Biome
Applications of CHC Eutrophication – Algal Bloom
Effects of CHC Effects of Eutrophication
Bioaccumulation Mitigation of Eutrophication
Biomagnification Harmful Algal Blooms
Biogeo Chemical Cycling or Nutrient Cycling Red Tide
Nutrient Cycles Aquatic Ecosystems
Carbon Cycle [Gaseous Cycle] Aquatic Organisms
Nitrogen Cycle [Gaseous Cycle] Factors Limiting the Productivity of Aquatic Habitats
Nitrogen Fixing – Nitrogen to Ammonia (N to NH )
2 3 Sunlight
Nitrification – Ammonia to Nitrates Dissolved oxygen
Ammonification – Urea, Uric Acid to Ammonia Temperature
Denitrification – Nitrate to Nitrogen Lake Ecology
Ageing of Lakes
Phosphorus Cycle [Sedimentary cycle] Wetland Ecosystem
Sulphur Cycle [Sedimentary cycle] Distinction from Lakes
Natural Ecosystem
Importance of Wetlands Human Modified Ecosystems and Environmental
Reasons for depletion Degradation
Characteristics of human modified ecosystems
Mitigation Agro ecosystems
Measures to Protect Wetlands Plantation Forest
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Aquaculture
What is wetland
Dams, Reservoirs And Diversions
COP
Environmental Issues in Himalayas
Ramsar Site Importance of Himalayan Region
The Montreux Record Ecological Services
International Organization Partners Role in Indian climate
Economic importance
Transboundary Ramsar Sites Degradation of Himalayan Environment
Criteria for Identification of Wetlands under Ramsar Biotic pressure
Convention Pollution and solid waste
Ramsar Sites in India Hydroelectric power projects
Wetlands International Urbanization to meet tourism demands
Infrastructure development
National Wetlands Conservation Programme Cultural/Pilgrimage Tourism
(NWCP) Deforestation
Estuarine Ecosystem Climate change/global warming
Importance of Estuaries
Initiatives to save Himalayan Environment
Differences between Lagoon and Estuary Ban on Plastic in HP
Estuarine Vegetation Participatory Conservation of Lakes in the Region
India Estuarine Ecosystem Assam Hill Land and Ecological Sites Act, 2006
Sikkim's Ecotourism Policy
Issues of Indian Estuarine Ecosystem
Measures That Can Be Taken to Protect Himalayan
Mangroves Ecosystem
Mangroves in India Harnessing Religious Sentiments for Conservation
Importance of Mangroves Promoting Ecotourism and Regulation of Commercial
Threats Tourism
Environmental Degradation Soil erosion
Major Causes of Environmental Degradation Water Erosion
Raindrop erosion
Consequences of Environmental Degradation Sheet erosion
Rill erosion Sulphur dioxide (SO )
2
Stream bank erosion Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Landslide Benzene and Ethylene
Coastal erosion Tobacco Smoke
Consequences of water erosion Biological pollutants
Prevention of water erosion Asbestos
Wind erosion Radon
Consequences of wind erosion Prevention and Control of air Pollution
Prevention of wind erosion Indoor Air Pollution
Soil Erosion Caused By Human Activities Prevention and control of indoor air pollution
Deforestation Control of Industrial Pollution
Farming Filters
Overgrazing Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)
Economic activities Inertial collectors
Developmental activities Scrubbers
Desertification Catalytic converter
Over Cultivation Steps Taken to Control Vehicular Pollution
Overgrazing
Deforestation Government Initiative
Salting due to Irrigation National Air Quality Monitoring Programme
Pollution National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Air Pollution National Air Quality Index (AQI)
Classification of Pollutants Smog
Particulate pollutants Primary and secondary pollutants
Fly ash Sulfurous smog
Lead
Metallic Oxides Photochemical smog
Nanoparticles – NPs Haze
Effects of Nanoparticles on the environment Effects of Smog
Major Gaseous Air Pollutants, Their Sources & Question: UPSC Mains 2015
Effects Ozone Hole – Ozone Depletion
Carbon monoxide (CO) Halogen atoms like chlorine destroy ozone
Carbon dioxide (CO2) But how does a chlorine atom reach to such high levels
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) of atmosphere?
Ozone (O )
3 Polar Vortex
Nitrogen oxide (NO )
x Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)
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