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Pmfias.com Environment: Detailed Breakdown of Contents Solved Environment Prelims Questions (2011-15) Ecological Niche 2011-2012 Functions Of Ecosystem 2013 Ecological Succession 2014 Primary Succession 2015 Secondary Succession Environment Difference Between Primary and Secondary Habitat Succession Difference between Habitat and Environment? Autogenic and Allogenic Succession Biosphere Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession Ecosystem Succession in Plants Difference Between Ecology, Environment & Succession in Water Ecosystem Homeostasis Components of an Ecosystem Regulate Abiotic Components Conform Limiting factor Effect Of Abiotic Components On Terrestrial Primary Migrate Producers – Plants Suspend Biotic Components Homeostasis in Ecosystem Ecology Functions Of Ecosystem Levels Of Organizations In Ecology Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem – Trophic Principles of Ecology Levels Adaptation Food Chain Variation Types of Food Chains Speciation Grazing food chain Mutation Detritus food chain Natural Selection Food Web Evolution Biotic Interaction Extinction Amensalism Ecotone Predation Characteristics of Ecotone Parasitism Edge Effect – Edge Species Competition Biomes or Terrestrial Ecosystems Commensalism Tundra Biome Mutualism Taiga or Boreal Biome Neutralism Temperate Deciduous Biome [North Western Ecological Pyramids Europe] Pyramid of Numbers Temperate Rainforest Biome Pyramid of numbers – upright Sub-Tropical Deciduous Biome in Eastern China, Pyramid of numbers - inverted South Eastern USA Pyramid of Biomass Steppe or Temperate Grassland Biome Pyramid of Biomass – Upright Temperate Deciduous Biome [Mediterranean Pyramid of Biomass – Inverted Region] Pyramid of Energy Tropical Deciduous Biome [Monsoon Climate] Ecological Efficiency Savanna or Tropical Wet and Dry Biome Limitations of Ecological Pyramids Tropical Rain Forest Biome Pollutants And Trophic Level Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (CHC) or Organochloride Desert Biome Applications of CHC Eutrophication – Algal Bloom Effects of CHC Effects of Eutrophication Bioaccumulation Mitigation of Eutrophication Biomagnification Harmful Algal Blooms Biogeo Chemical Cycling or Nutrient Cycling Red Tide Nutrient Cycles Aquatic Ecosystems Carbon Cycle [Gaseous Cycle] Aquatic Organisms Nitrogen Cycle [Gaseous Cycle] Factors Limiting the Productivity of Aquatic Habitats Nitrogen Fixing – Nitrogen to Ammonia (N to NH ) 2 3 Sunlight Nitrification – Ammonia to Nitrates Dissolved oxygen Ammonification – Urea, Uric Acid to Ammonia Temperature Denitrification – Nitrate to Nitrogen Lake Ecology Ageing of Lakes Phosphorus Cycle [Sedimentary cycle] Wetland Ecosystem Sulphur Cycle [Sedimentary cycle] Distinction from Lakes Natural Ecosystem Importance of Wetlands Human Modified Ecosystems and Environmental Reasons for depletion Degradation Characteristics of human modified ecosystems Mitigation Agro ecosystems Measures to Protect Wetlands Plantation Forest Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Aquaculture What is wetland Dams, Reservoirs And Diversions COP Environmental Issues in Himalayas Ramsar Site Importance of Himalayan Region The Montreux Record Ecological Services International Organization Partners Role in Indian climate Economic importance Transboundary Ramsar Sites Degradation of Himalayan Environment Criteria for Identification of Wetlands under Ramsar Biotic pressure Convention Pollution and solid waste Ramsar Sites in India Hydroelectric power projects Wetlands International Urbanization to meet tourism demands Infrastructure development National Wetlands Conservation Programme Cultural/Pilgrimage Tourism (NWCP) Deforestation Estuarine Ecosystem Climate change/global warming Importance of Estuaries Initiatives to save Himalayan Environment Differences between Lagoon and Estuary Ban on Plastic in HP Estuarine Vegetation Participatory Conservation of Lakes in the Region India Estuarine Ecosystem Assam Hill Land and Ecological Sites Act, 2006 Sikkim's Ecotourism Policy Issues of Indian Estuarine Ecosystem Measures That Can Be Taken to Protect Himalayan Mangroves Ecosystem Mangroves in India Harnessing Religious Sentiments for Conservation Importance of Mangroves Promoting Ecotourism and Regulation of Commercial Threats Tourism Environmental Degradation Soil erosion Major Causes of Environmental Degradation Water Erosion Raindrop erosion Consequences of Environmental Degradation Sheet erosion Rill erosion Sulphur dioxide (SO ) 2 Stream bank erosion Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Landslide Benzene and Ethylene Coastal erosion Tobacco Smoke Consequences of water erosion Biological pollutants Prevention of water erosion Asbestos Wind erosion Radon Consequences of wind erosion Prevention and Control of air Pollution Prevention of wind erosion Indoor Air Pollution Soil Erosion Caused By Human Activities Prevention and control of indoor air pollution Deforestation Control of Industrial Pollution Farming Filters Overgrazing Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) Economic activities Inertial collectors Developmental activities Scrubbers Desertification Catalytic converter Over Cultivation Steps Taken to Control Vehicular Pollution Overgrazing Deforestation Government Initiative Salting due to Irrigation National Air Quality Monitoring Programme Pollution National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Air Pollution National Air Quality Index (AQI) Classification of Pollutants Smog Particulate pollutants Primary and secondary pollutants Fly ash Sulfurous smog Lead Metallic Oxides Photochemical smog Nanoparticles – NPs Haze Effects of Nanoparticles on the environment Effects of Smog Major Gaseous Air Pollutants, Their Sources & Question: UPSC Mains 2015 Effects Ozone Hole – Ozone Depletion Carbon monoxide (CO) Halogen atoms like chlorine destroy ozone Carbon dioxide (CO2) But how does a chlorine atom reach to such high levels Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) of atmosphere? Ozone (O ) 3 Polar Vortex Nitrogen oxide (NO ) x Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)
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