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Environmental Science LABORATORY MANUAL FOR Senior Secondary Course Course Coordinator Neelam Gupta NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING A-24/25, INSTITUTIONAL AREA, SECTOR-62, Noida-201309 (U.P.) © National Institute of Open Schooling (Copies) Published by the Secretary, National Institute of Open Schooling, A-24/25, Institutional Area, Sec. 62, Noida-201309, and printed by _____________________________________ ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr. S.S. Jena Dr. Kuldeep Agarwal Mrs. Gopa Biswas Chairman Director (Academic) Jt. Director (Academic) NIOS NIOS NIOS CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE Chairperson Prof. C.K. Varshney Retd. Professor School of Environmental Sciences JNU, New Delhi Members Prof. T.R. Rao Dr. Yash P. Abrol Dr. S.M. Nair Retd. Professor Deptt. of Environmental Botany Programme Director School of Environmental Studies Hamdard University Centre of Environmental Education Univresity of Delhi Delhi B-73, Soami Nagar, New Delhi Dr. B.S. Attri Dr. Geeta Kaikar Mr. Srikanta Panigrahi Retd. Advisor (Environment) Reader, School of Science Director Environment Ministry of Environment & Forest IGNOU, Maidan Garhi (Room No. 317), Yojana Bhawan Govt. of India, New Delhi New Delhi Parliament Street, New Delhi Ms. Neelam Gupta National Institute of Open Schooling A-24/25, Institutional Area, Sec- 62 NOIDA COURSE EDITORS Prof. C.K. Varshney Retd. Professor School of Environmental Sciences JNU, New Delhi LESSON WRITERS Dr. Bharati Sarkar Dr. Aparna Konar Mrs. Shivani Goswami Retd. Reader (Zoology) Retd. Reader (Botany) Retd. PGT & HOD (Biology) Maitriyi College, Delhi Maitriyi College, Delhi Mother International, Sri Aurobindo Marg, Delhi Sh. Rajeev Vishnoi RPVV, Surajmal Vihar, Delhi GRAPHIC ARTIST Mr. Mahesh Sharma Graphic Artist NIOS, NOIDA A NOTE FROM THE DIRECTOR . . . . Dear Learner, Greetings from the Academic Department of National Institute of Open Schooling. It is a matter of pleasure for us that you have chosen the subject of Environmental Science for your Senior Secondary programme. This subject has a lot of scope for professional development and you may like to explore a career in this area. It has been our endeavour to design the curriculum in such a way that it is relevant to every day situation in our life. The purpose of teaching Environmental Science is not only to acquaint you with theoretical knowledge but also to develop practical skills. This is an expected outcome of this endeavour. There is enough scope for developing experiments in different ways so as to bring out the creativity inherent in each one of you. Experimental studies that are designed for you will help you to understand the various positive and negative forces working on our environment. Each one of us including you plays a vital role in influencing a change in our environment. You can become a promising conservationist of nature—a common wealth of the entire humanity. Hope you will make the best use of this practical manual that can play a vital role in Nature’s conservation. Wishing you all the best (Kuldeep Agarwal) Director (Academic)
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