RMIT HARVARD REFERENCING GUIDE
          RMIT University Library
          Updated: February 2022
          This is a guide only. Please confirm the referencing requirements for your course with your 
          lecturer.
          RMIT Harvard is an author-date referencing style. It is based on the Referencing and attribution section 
          of the Australian Government Style Manual (AGSM) released in 2021.
          RMIT Harvard style requires in-text references and a reference list. In-text references appear within the 
          body of the document. They include the author’s family name or name of the organisation responsible for
          the information source and the year of publication, with page numbers required for quotes if available. A 
          reference list provides the full bibliographic details of all in-text references at the end of the assignment.
          It is recommended that you read the general rules for each section before looking at the specific 
          information about the source you need to reference. 
          Note: Although the AGSM states that title of online sources should be hyperlinked for electronic formats, 
          RMIT Harvard style does not do this because hyperlinks are not compatible with the EndNote program 
          and other referencing software. In addition, the links would not be available when the work is printed. 
          CONTENTS
          IN-TEXT REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................4
               General rules...................................................................................................................................................................4
            BOOKS................................................................................................................................................5
               Book with single author...................................................................................................................................................5
               Book with two authors.....................................................................................................................................................6
               Book with three or more authors.....................................................................................................................................6
               Book whose author is an organisation............................................................................................................................6
               Book with no author.........................................................................................................................................................6
               Multiple books by the same author.................................................................................................................................7
               Book chapter....................................................................................................................................................................7
               E-book.............................................................................................................................................................................7
               Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author........................................................................................................8
               Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author.............................................................................................................8
               Brochure or pamphlet......................................................................................................................................................8
               Exhibition catalogue........................................................................................................................................................8
            JOURNALS............................................................................................................................................9
               Journal article with single author.....................................................................................................................................9
               Journal article with two authors.......................................................................................................................................9
               Journal article with three or more authors.......................................................................................................................9
               Journal article with no authors......................................................................................................................................10
               e-Journal article.............................................................................................................................................................10
            NEWSPAPERS......................................................................................................................................11
               Print newspaper article..................................................................................................................................................11
               Print newspaper article with no author..........................................................................................................................11
               Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format)......................................................................................................11
               Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format) with no author..............................................................................12
            SOCIAL MEDIA.....................................................................................................................................12
                                                                                    Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing
                                                                                                         RMIT University Library
                                                                                                         Updated: February 2022
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           Blog or blog post............................................................................................................................................................12
           Social media post..........................................................................................................................................................12
          WEBSITES AND WEBPAGE DOCUMENTS.....................................................................................................13
           Website / webpage........................................................................................................................................................13
           Webpage document (PDF)............................................................................................................................................13
          REPORTS, DATA SETS AND STANDARDS......................................................................................................14
           Government or organisation report...............................................................................................................................14
           Company, industry or market report from a library database.......................................................................................14
           Company, industry or market report from a website.....................................................................................................14
           Australian Bureau of Statistics report............................................................................................................................15
           Dataset..........................................................................................................................................................................15
           Standard........................................................................................................................................................................15
          AUDIO VISUAL MATERIAL.......................................................................................................................15
           Film or television program.............................................................................................................................................15
           Podcast..........................................................................................................................................................................16
           YouTube video and other online streaming videos.......................................................................................................16
           Radio.............................................................................................................................................................................16
           Sound recording............................................................................................................................................................17
          IMAGES AND FIGURES...........................................................................................................................17
           General rules for artworks.............................................................................................................................................17
           Captions.........................................................................................................................................................................18
           In-text reference to artworks..........................................................................................................................................19
           Maps..............................................................................................................................................................................19
           Tables and diagrams.....................................................................................................................................................20
          OTHER SOURCES..................................................................................................................................21
           Case study.....................................................................................................................................................................21
           Conference paper..........................................................................................................................................................21
           Lecture notes or course material...................................................................................................................................21
           Legal material................................................................................................................................................................21
           Media release................................................................................................................................................................22
           Personal communication...............................................................................................................................................23
           Thesis............................................................................................................................................................................23
           Student’s own work (previously submitted)...................................................................................................................23
        REFERENCE LIST..................................................................................................................................24
           General rules.................................................................................................................................................................24
          EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST.......................................................................................................................25
          BOOKS..............................................................................................................................................26
           Book with an edition number.........................................................................................................................................27
           Book with single author.................................................................................................................................................27
           Book with multiple authors............................................................................................................................................27
           Book whose author is an organisation..........................................................................................................................27
           Book with no author.......................................................................................................................................................28
           Multiple books by the same author(s)...........................................................................................................................28
           Book chapter in an edited book.....................................................................................................................................28
           Book compiled by an editor(s).......................................................................................................................................29
           E-book...........................................................................................................................................................................29
           Encyclopedia and dictionary entries..............................................................................................................................29
           Brochure or pamphlet....................................................................................................................................................30
           Exhibition catalogue......................................................................................................................................................30
          JOURNALS..........................................................................................................................................30
           Journal article with single author...................................................................................................................................31
           Journal article with two authors.....................................................................................................................................31
           Journal article with three or more authors.....................................................................................................................31
                                                                Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing
                                                                                 RMIT University Library
                                                                                 Updated: February 2022
                                                                                      Page 2 of 46
           Journal article with no authors......................................................................................................................................31
           e-Journal article.............................................................................................................................................................32
          NEWSPAPERS......................................................................................................................................32
           Print newspaper article..................................................................................................................................................32
           Print newspaper article with no author..........................................................................................................................33
           Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format)......................................................................................................33
           Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format) with no author..............................................................................33
          SOCIAL MEDIA.....................................................................................................................................33
           Blog or blog post............................................................................................................................................................33
           Social media post..........................................................................................................................................................34
          WEBSITES AND WEBPAGE DOCUMENTS.....................................................................................................35
           Website / webpage........................................................................................................................................................35
           Webpage document (PDF)............................................................................................................................................35
          REPORTS, DATA SETS AND STANDARDS......................................................................................................36
           Government report........................................................................................................................................................36
           Australian Bureau of Statistics report............................................................................................................................36
           Report by an organisation.............................................................................................................................................37
           Company, industry or market report from a Library database......................................................................................37
           Company, industry or market report from a website.....................................................................................................37
           Dataset..........................................................................................................................................................................38
           Standard........................................................................................................................................................................38
          AUDIO VISUAL MATERIAL.......................................................................................................................39
           Television program........................................................................................................................................................39
           Film / Movie...................................................................................................................................................................39
           YouTube video and other online streaming videos.......................................................................................................39
           Podcast..........................................................................................................................................................................40
           Radio.............................................................................................................................................................................40
           Musical composition and sound recording....................................................................................................................41
          IMAGES AND FIGURES...........................................................................................................................42
           Artwork...........................................................................................................................................................................42
           Maps..............................................................................................................................................................................42
           Tables and diagrams.....................................................................................................................................................42
          OTHER SOURCES..................................................................................................................................43
           Case study.....................................................................................................................................................................43
           Conference paper / presentation...................................................................................................................................43
           Conference paper from a webpage...............................................................................................................................43
           Unpublished conference paper.....................................................................................................................................43
           Lecture notes or course material...................................................................................................................................44
           Legal material................................................................................................................................................................44
           Media release................................................................................................................................................................44
           Student's own work (previously submitted)...................................................................................................................45
           Thesis............................................................................................................................................................................45
           Interview........................................................................................................................................................................46
           Personal communication...............................................................................................................................................46
           Works in the original language (non-English)...............................................................................................................46
                                                                Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing
                                                                                 RMIT University Library
                                                                                 Updated: February 2022
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          IN-TEXT REFERENCES
          General rules
                 Use in-text references to acknowledge all authors or sources of information (print or online) 
                  used within your writing, either by paraphrasing or using a direct quote.
                  Paraphrasing is when you express the author’s ideas in your own words. Paraphrasing is 
                  generally preferred to quotes as they show you understand and can explain the ideas you have 
                  read rather than simply copying them.
                  A direct quote is when you use the exact words from the original source. Use quotes sparingly, 
                  such as when the exact words of the author are important to the claim you are making. Put direct 
                  quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks). Include a page number in the in-text 
                  reference if available
                  In-text references include the author’s family name (or company or organisation name, if the 
                  author is a company or organisation) and year of publication, with page numbers (if available) 
                  required for quotes
                 An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence. When you 
                  are referencing information that authors/researchers agree about, the reference is placed at the
                  end of the sentence (an information prominent citation). This is the most common type of in-text
                  reference. Referencing at the beginning of a sentence (author prominent citation) is used to 
                  focus on a particular author/researcher’s point of view or on specific research that might not 
                  apply in all situations.
                 If the author is integrated as part of the sentence, the date (and page number for direct quote) 
                  is placed in parentheses immediately after the author's name.
                 When a work has two authors, always list both authors’ names every time the reference occurs.
                 When a work has three or more authors, list the first author’s name followed by et al. For 
                  example, Haslam et al. (2021) or (Haslam et al. 2021).
                 For pen names and pseudonyms, use the name adopted by the author, e.g. … (Mari 2009), 
                  Quynh Huong (2020) inspires … In the reference list, list according the pen name or 
                  pseudonym and include the author’s actual in parentheses if known.
                 If the author of a reference is unknown, list the reference based on the title of the work. 
                 If the publication date is unknown, use n.d.
                 If the publication date is unknown but can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text, then 
                  place c. (meaning 'circa' or about) before the year.
                 Secondary citations acknowledge the work of an author you refer to in your assignment that 
                  you read about in someone else’s work. Where possible, try to use the original source.
                  For example, if you use Vanna’s ideas which you read about an article by Martin and 
                  Rodríguez, you would only need to show who the ideas belong to and also where you read 
                  about them.  
                          Previous research appears to indicate ... (Vanna, cited in Martin and Rodriguez 2021).
                          Vanna (cited in Martin and Rodriguez 2021) suggests that ...
                  In the examples, the ideas/information belong to Vanna, but you paraphrased them from your 
                  reading of Martin and Rodriguez’s work.
                  In the reference list, include the source you read. For this example, you would only need to put 
                  Martin and Rodríguez in the reference list.
                                                                                    Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing
                                                                                                         RMIT University Library
                                                                                                         Updated: February 2022
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