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International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 6, June 2020, pp. 1307-1317, Article ID: IJM_11_06_119 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=11&Issue=6 ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 DOI: 10.34218/IJM.11.6.2020.119 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed CAREER DECISION AND INDECISION OF STUDENTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL SCHOOLS Pabitra Kumar Das Scholar, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Rakesh Kumar Dangi Scholar, Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, (Young Professional, National Career Service, Government of India), India Iswar Chandra Naik Associate Dean, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India ABSTRACT Purpose of the study: The investigators explored the students' career decision making ability and career indecisiveness at secondary level. Methodology: Cross sectional design was considered for this study (N=207), standardized psychometric tool on career decision making style used and for mediation analysis non parametric tests were used in this study Main findings: The finding shows that there is no significant difference between the students belonging to two different types of schools. The results demonstrate the students in State Board runs school are just slightly lagging behind in comparison to the students of CBSE schools in career decisiveness score. But State Board run school students were found to have scored more in career indecisiveness. CBSE students with career guidance and counseling services were proved to be more cautious; significant difference was found in their career indecisiveness score. And sex identities of the respondents in relation to career indecisiveness girls comparatively to boys, were found scoring slightly high. Implications: The study exhorts career counseling and guidance service can be equalizer for students irrespective of backgrounds, for countering with career indecisiveness at the secondary level school Key words: Career Decisiveness, Career Indecisiveness, Gender, School, Counseling, Guidance Cite this Article: Pabitra Kumar Das, Rakesh Kumar Dangi and Iswar Chandra Naik, Career Decision and Indecision of Students at Secondary Level Schools, International Journal of Management, 11(6), 2020, pp. 1307-1317. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=11&Issue=6 http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM 1307 editor@iaeme.com Career Decision and Indecision of Students at Secondary Level Schools 1. INTRODUCTION Career decision making and career choice behaviour seemingly looks alike. In reality, they are not same pattern of behaviour; rather the latter depends on the first set of activities. A student’s career decision making ability depends on several external and internal factors that compositely work for authentic decision making. Any decision in life bears various effects and impact and this also configures other people in student’s network of relationship in the society. Career decision making is one such, it may lead to success if scientifically made, instead leading to failure. The repercussion of one’s career decision influences individual and societal affairs related to exploitation of talents and progress of financial status in long run. th Critical decision takes place at the end of secondary education i.e. after 10 standard in school; a student comes across the juncture, what would be the next course on humanities or commerce or science? In secondary schools where guidance and career counseling programme is a regularized event, the students have exposures and they quite spontaneously go for right decision after assessing their own academic potentials and academic achievement as well as family’s psychosocial and monetary back up. But the schools can’t run such programme, students depend on others; these others are subject teacher, school headmaster/mistress, parents or peers. It is always true pedigree children will excel over the others; at present in Indian education system, the others are numerous who suffer from dilemma of career decision making. “Under such circumstances, it becomes more important to study career decisiveness and more importantly examine the process of career planning which eventually leads to career decisiveness” (Chatterjee, 2013). Individual’s decision leads to his or her choice. Career choice behaviours centre on the dynamics of person’s career aspiration. Student’s knowledge about his or her self-efficacy belief and support resources play essential role in career choice behaviour; a student from either State Board school or Public school under CBSE, generally tend to follow the fellow students on their behaviour and career choice behaviours also come under this purview which may be labeled as peer influence, which sometimes becomes very prominent factor. In such circumstances, a student’s critical and creative thinking ability, his or her problem-solving and decision making ability enable and empower him or her right career choice behaviours. 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS OF CAREER DECISION MAKING AND CAREER CHOICE BEHAVIOUR Theories on career decision making and career choice behaviour are for specific people and principles (Osipow, 1989); individual’s traits along with the psychosocial needs are prime factors in making career decision. It is likely, an individual level of intelligence and personality develops the capacity to make right career decision. “From the ‘rules’ of honour to sense of honour” (Pierre Bourdieu,1977) is the social as well as psychosocial factor that work unpredictably in life of individual to make either correct or incorrect career decisions leading to decisiveness and indecisiveness. Critically, following Bourdieu’s theory, Hodkinson & Andrew C. Sparkes ,(1997) simplifying it as a shared and integrated career decision making model; it articulates that realistic decisions are based on practicality with an interface with other people and resources and it follows random pattern in entire life course of individual. In different stages of growth and development individual come across several trajectories related to career development and various difficulties are met by the career decision-makers. Sometimes, multilayered process works on by individual mind for making decision and his behavioural effort may not at a conscious level and manifestation on those course of action may be ineffectual and detrimental to superior decisions (Krieshok, T.S.,1998). http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM 1308 editor@iaeme.com Pabitra Kumar Das, Rakesh Kumar Dangi and Iswar Chandra Naik Decision making theories and career assessment, Hardin, Leong and Frederick (2004) found similarities and unlikeness in context of gender. They share predictive value is more for career maturity when a person’s decision making ability is higher. Three dynamics of indecision are derivative to i)“insufficiently informed about the alternatives, ii) valuation problems, and iii) uncertainty about the outcomes” (Germeijs, Boeck, 2003). They found it studying high school students’ career decision practice of options for higher education; career indecision is because of lack of information, incorrect valuation and uncertain outcomes. The significance of factors like valuation and outcomes for career indecision is borne by the students’ intermediary role between common hesitancy and career indecision. The constant features of career decision-making difficulties related to individuals emotional and personality factors are due to common indecisiveness, low self-esteem, trait anxiety, and crisis identity. These four elements in an individual play predictive role of persistent career decision-making difficulties (Noa Saka, Itamar Gati, 2007). . The complex processes concerned in making a decision can be said as decision making styles. The styles may be adaptive, else maladaptive depending on adolescent students’ decision making potentials, which sometimes is considered to be connected with parenting. In general, “maladaptive decision making styles are the most prevalent, and that they often are associated with detrimental outcomes for students’ career development”. However, parents can play important roles in this field for correcting maladaptive decision making styles of their children shaping the future (Davids, Roman & Leach, 2016). 3. REVIEWS Priyanka Dani , Hetvi Desai (2018) explored career decision making of 10th board students in some areas like students’ personal, social and family how these factors influence. They found that influences of these factors are not so strongly correlated except family. They recommended career guidance and counseling for the students for directing their thoughts and making authentic career decision. At secondary level students are generally not so mature to make correct decision without external support and guidance, Inchara, Gayathri and Vishnu Priya (2019) opined the need of guidance, especially vocational guidance can rightly assist the students to make preference of career as per their aptitude, potentials and economic resources. Their study revealed that “awareness about selection and recruitment process not only influences the student’s career decision-making ability but also effects on selection of college major choice, persistence, societal contact, and familial inspirations”. The influence of gender on career decision making is considerable as students at secondary level mostly affected with role confusion because at this stage, they start internalizing gender roles in accordance to their socio cultural practices. “Career genderization starts in middle school or early in high school” (Adya & Kaiser, 2005). Earlier, it was generally found male preferred for technical careers while female were found interested st century gender role stereotyping is fading in “management of the family and home”. In 21 (Arulmani & Van Laar D, and Easton 1995) it is found gender and career decision making has corollary. Millward et al. (2006) studied 2447 adolescents between 14 and 19 years of age to explore first choice for work and jobs and the function of gender. They reported strong presence of gender stereotypes that induces career decision making behaviour. They revealed differences in career aspirations with boys prioritizing financial sides while girls were found more “importance on work-life balance and job attributes”. Most research participants lay higher importance to the suggestions given by their parents along with their own instincts in making career decision. Greenback (2009) finds students belonging to middleclass families suffer from career decision making and planning due to their “taken for granted assumptions and biases”. His findings from in-depth interviews reveal students are reluctant to use http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM 1309 editor@iaeme.com Career Decision and Indecision of Students at Secondary Level Schools available information and not just repository of career information but guidance also required for the students “to develop alternative approaches to career decision‐making”. The consequence of self-esteem and locus of control in career decision making was studied in 224 school adolescents. He found both self-esteem and locus of control were significantly related and had effect on career decision making styles of both boys and girls. Pearson’s correlation used in this study showed significant corollary in decision making, and locus of control reported for more variation. The value of locus of control in the career guidance practice was obvious in context of secondary school students (Nand Kishor, 1981). Supreet (2016) conducted a study to explore career decision making over peer group influence among the adolescent students. Decision making scale and peer group influence scale were used in equal number of respondents (n-200, boys-100 and girls-100) and the results showed “significant relationship between career decision making and peer group influence of the adolescents”. The influence of peer group was found to sway group members exclusively those were submissive. Unlike other studies, the findings also negate significant difference on career decision making between boys and girls. Salome, Vijaykumar and Lavanya (2015) found parental engagement and encouragement to students assist in better career decision making and avoidance of indecisiveness. 4. OBJECTIVES • To study career decision-making ability of high school students of State Board and CBSE schools. • To find out students’ career choice behaviour in State Board and CBSE run schools. • To explore relative factors behind the students’ career decision-making ability and career choice behaviour. 5. HYPOTHESIS • There is no significant difference in career decision making score of girls and boys. • There is no significant difference in career decision making score of students of State Board and CBSE schools. • There is no significant difference in career choice behaviour score of girls and boys. • There is no significant difference in career choice behaviour score of students of State Board and CBSE schools. • There is no significant relation between students’ career decision making score and of their career choice behaviour score. 6. METHODS Cross sectional design is undertaken in this study. Rationale behind such design is assessment of the target groups two different students’ groups from State Board run schools and public schools under CBSE. Cross sectional appraisal was carried out in the schools within Ujjain district in Madhyapradesh for an extent of 28 days period in December 2019 and early January 2020. The schools were identified and prior permission was sought from the concerned principals and headmasters; and the participants of the study were drawn with cluster and proportionate sampling methods. Data were collected by the supervisors coming across 6 private schools and 10 govt. run th secondary schools. Students studying at 10 standard, both boys and girls were the research participants. Class teachers of the respective schools facilitated in data collection process by assembling the students and sharing benefits of such participation and the actual participants http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM 1310 editor@iaeme.com
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