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international journal of management ijm volume 11 issue 6 june 2020 pp 1307 1317 article id ijm 11 06 119 available online at http iaeme com home issue ijm volume ...

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              International Journal of Management (IJM) 
              Volume 11, Issue 6, June 2020, pp. 1307-1317, Article ID: IJM_11_06_119 
              Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=11&Issue=6 
              ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 
              DOI: 10.34218/IJM.11.6.2020.119 
              © IAEME Publication      Scopus Indexed 
               
                    CAREER DECISION AND INDECISION OF 
               STUDENTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL SCHOOLS 
                                                Pabitra Kumar Das 
                               Scholar, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT),  
                                             Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 
                                               Rakesh Kumar Dangi 
                         Scholar, Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh,  
                       (Young Professional, National Career Service, Government of India), India 
                                                Iswar Chandra Naik 
                              Associate Dean, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS), 
                                              Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 
                  ABSTRACT 
                     Purpose  of  the  study:  The  investigators  explored  the  students'  career  decision 
                  making  ability  and  career  indecisiveness  at  secondary  level.  Methodology:  Cross 
                  sectional design was considered for this study (N=207), standardized psychometric 
                  tool on career decision making style used and for mediation analysis non parametric 
                  tests  were  used  in  this  study  Main  findings:  The  finding  shows  that  there  is  no 
                  significant difference between the students belonging to two different types of schools. 
                  The  results  demonstrate  the  students  in  State  Board  runs  school  are  just  slightly 
                  lagging behind in comparison to the students of CBSE schools in career decisiveness 
                  score. But State Board run school students were found to have scored more in career 
                  indecisiveness.  CBSE  students  with  career  guidance  and  counseling  services  were 
                  proved  to  be  more  cautious;  significant  difference  was  found  in  their  career 
                  indecisiveness  score.  And  sex  identities  of  the  respondents  in  relation  to  career 
                  indecisiveness   girls   comparatively   to   boys,   were   found   scoring   slightly   high. 
                  Implications:  The  study  exhorts  career  counseling  and  guidance  service  can  be 
                  equalizer  for  students  irrespective  of  backgrounds,  for  countering  with  career 
                  indecisiveness at the secondary level school 
                  Key words: Career Decisiveness, Career Indecisiveness, Gender, School, Counseling, 
                  Guidance 
                  Cite this Article: Pabitra Kumar Das, Rakesh Kumar Dangi and Iswar Chandra Naik, 
                  Career Decision and Indecision of Students at Secondary Level Schools, International 
                  Journal of Management, 11(6), 2020, pp. 1307-1317. 
                  http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=11&Issue=6 
                                                           
                  http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM    1307                      editor@iaeme.com 
                                Career Decision and Indecision of Students at Secondary Level Schools 
                1. INTRODUCTION 
                Career decision making and career choice behaviour seemingly looks alike. In reality, they are 
                not  same  pattern  of  behaviour;  rather  the  latter  depends  on  the  first  set  of  activities.  A 
                student’s career decision making ability depends on several external and internal factors that 
                compositely work for authentic decision making. Any decision in life bears various effects 
                and impact and this also configures other people in student’s network of relationship in the 
                society. Career decision making is one such, it may lead to success if scientifically made, 
                instead leading to failure. The repercussion of one’s career decision influences individual and 
                societal affairs related to exploitation of talents and progress of financial status in long run. 
                                                                                                  th
                Critical  decision  takes  place  at  the  end  of  secondary  education  i.e.  after  10   standard  in 
                school; a student comes across the juncture, what would be the next course on humanities or 
                commerce  or   science?   In   secondary   schools   where   guidance   and   career   counseling 
                programme is a regularized event, the students have exposures and they quite spontaneously 
                go for right decision after assessing their own academic potentials and academic achievement 
                as  well  as  family’s  psychosocial  and  monetary  back  up.  But  the  schools  can’t  run  such 
                programme,   students   depend   on   others;   these   others   are   subject   teacher,   school 
                headmaster/mistress, parents or peers. It is always true pedigree children will excel over the 
                others;  at  present  in  Indian  education  system,  the  others  are  numerous  who  suffer  from 
                dilemma of career decision making.  
                   “Under such circumstances, it becomes more important to study career decisiveness and 
                more importantly examine the process of  career planning which eventually leads to  career 
                decisiveness”  (Chatterjee,  2013).  Individual’s  decision  leads  to  his  or  her  choice.  Career 
                choice behaviours centre on the dynamics of person’s career aspiration. Student’s knowledge 
                about his or her self-efficacy belief and support resources play essential role in career choice 
                behaviour; a student from either State Board school or Public school under CBSE, generally 
                tend to follow the fellow students on their behaviour and career choice behaviours also come 
                under this purview which may be labeled as peer influence, which sometimes becomes very 
                prominent factor. In such circumstances, a student’s critical and creative thinking ability, his 
                or her  problem-solving  and decision making  ability enable and  empower  him  or her right 
                career choice behaviours. 
                2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS OF CAREER DECISION 
                MAKING AND CAREER CHOICE BEHAVIOUR  
                Theories on career decision making and career choice behaviour are for specific people and 
                principles  (Osipow,  1989);  individual’s  traits  along  with  the  psychosocial  needs  are  prime 
                factors  in  making  career  decision.  It  is  likely,  an  individual  level  of  intelligence  and 
                personality develops the capacity to make right career decision. “From the ‘rules’ of honour to 
                sense of honour” (Pierre Bourdieu,1977) is the social as well as psychosocial factor that work 
                unpredictably in life of individual to make either correct or incorrect career decisions leading 
                to  decisiveness  and  indecisiveness.  Critically,  following  Bourdieu’s  theory,  Hodkinson  & 
                Andrew C. Sparkes ,(1997)  simplifying it as a shared and integrated career decision making 
                model; it articulates that realistic decisions are based on practicality with an interface with 
                other people and resources and it follows random pattern in entire life course of individual. In 
                different stages of growth and development individual come across several trajectories related 
                to  career  development  and  various  difficulties  are  met  by  the  career  decision-makers. 
                Sometimes, multilayered process works on by individual mind for making decision and his 
                behavioural effort may not at a conscious level and manifestation on those course of action 
                may be ineffectual and detrimental to superior decisions (Krieshok, T.S.,1998). 
                    http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM        1308                        editor@iaeme.com 
                                  Pabitra Kumar Das, Rakesh Kumar Dangi and Iswar Chandra Naik 
                   Decision  making  theories  and  career  assessment,  Hardin,  Leong  and  Frederick  (2004) 
                found similarities and unlikeness in context of gender. They share predictive value is more for 
                career  maturity  when  a  person’s  decision  making  ability  is  higher.  Three  dynamics  of 
                indecision  are  derivative  to  i)“insufficiently  informed  about  the  alternatives,  ii)  valuation 
                problems, and  iii)  uncertainty  about  the  outcomes”  (Germeijs,  Boeck, 2003).  They found it 
                studying high school students’ career decision practice of options for higher education; career 
                indecision is because of lack of information, incorrect valuation and uncertain outcomes. The 
                significance  of  factors  like  valuation  and  outcomes  for  career  indecision  is  borne  by  the 
                students’  intermediary  role  between  common  hesitancy  and  career  indecision.  The  constant 
                features of career decision-making difficulties related to individuals emotional and personality 
                factors are due to common indecisiveness, low self-esteem, trait anxiety, and crisis identity. 
                These four elements in an individual play predictive role of persistent career decision-making 
                difficulties (Noa Saka, Itamar Gati, 2007). . The complex processes concerned in making a 
                decision can be said as decision making styles. The styles may be adaptive, else maladaptive 
                depending on adolescent students’ decision making potentials, which sometimes is considered 
                to be connected with parenting. In general, “maladaptive decision making styles are the most 
                prevalent, and  that  they  often  are associated  with  detrimental  outcomes  for  students’  career 
                development”.  However,  parents  can  play  important  roles  in  this  field  for  correcting 
                maladaptive decision making styles of their children shaping the future (Davids, Roman & 
                Leach, 2016). 
                3. REVIEWS 
                Priyanka Dani , Hetvi Desai (2018) explored career decision making of 10th board students in 
                some areas like students’ personal, social and family how these factors influence. They found 
                that   influences  of   these   factors   are   not  so   strongly   correlated   except   family.   They 
                recommended career guidance and counseling for the students for directing their thoughts and 
                making authentic career decision. At secondary level students are generally not so mature to 
                make correct decision without external support and guidance, Inchara, Gayathri and Vishnu 
                Priya (2019) opined the need of guidance, especially vocational guidance can rightly assist the 
                students to make preference of career as per their aptitude, potentials and economic resources. 
                Their  study  revealed  that  “awareness  about  selection  and  recruitment  process  not  only 
                influences the student’s career decision-making ability but also effects on selection of college 
                major choice, persistence, societal contact, and familial inspirations”. 
                   The  influence  of  gender  on  career  decision  making  is  considerable  as  students  at 
                secondary  level  mostly  affected  with  role  confusion  because  at  this  stage,  they  start 
                internalizing   gender   roles   in   accordance   to   their   socio   cultural   practices.   “Career 
                genderization starts in middle school or early in high school” (Adya & Kaiser, 2005). Earlier, 
                it was generally found male preferred for technical careers while female were found interested 
                                                                   st
                                                                     century gender role stereotyping is fading 
                in “management of the family and home”. In 21
                (Arulmani & Van Laar D, and Easton 1995) it is found gender and career decision making has 
                corollary. Millward et al. (2006) studied 2447 adolescents between 14 and 19 years of age to 
                explore  first  choice  for  work  and  jobs  and  the  function  of  gender.  They  reported  strong 
                presence of gender stereotypes that induces career decision making behaviour. They revealed 
                differences in career aspirations with boys prioritizing financial sides while girls were found 
                more  “importance  on  work-life  balance  and  job  attributes”.  Most  research  participants  lay 
                higher importance to the suggestions given by their parents along with their own instincts in 
                making career decision. Greenback (2009) finds students belonging to middleclass families 
                suffer from career decision making and planning due to their “taken for granted assumptions 
                and  biases”.  His  findings  from  in-depth  interviews  reveal  students  are  reluctant  to  use 
                    http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM       1309                         editor@iaeme.com 
                                Career Decision and Indecision of Students at Secondary Level Schools 
                available information and not just repository of career information but guidance also required 
                for the students “to develop alternative approaches to career decision‐making”. 
                   The  consequence  of  self-esteem  and  locus  of  control  in  career  decision  making  was 
                studied  in  224  school  adolescents.  He  found  both  self-esteem  and  locus  of  control  were 
                significantly related and had effect on career decision making styles of both boys and girls. 
                Pearson’s correlation used in this study showed significant corollary in decision making, and 
                locus  of  control  reported  for  more  variation.  The  value  of  locus  of  control  in  the  career 
                guidance practice was obvious in context of secondary school students (Nand Kishor, 1981). 
                   Supreet  (2016)  conducted  a  study  to  explore  career  decision  making  over  peer  group 
                influence among the  adolescent students.  Decision  making  scale  and peer group  influence 
                scale  were  used  in  equal  number  of  respondents  (n-200,  boys-100  and  girls-100)  and  the 
                results  showed  “significant  relationship  between  career  decision  making  and  peer  group 
                influence of the adolescents”. The influence of peer group was found to sway group members 
                exclusively those were submissive. Unlike other studies, the findings also negate significant 
                difference  on  career  decision  making  between  boys  and  girls.  Salome,  Vijaykumar  and 
                Lavanya (2015) found parental engagement and  encouragement to students  assist  in  better 
                career decision making and avoidance of indecisiveness. 
                4. OBJECTIVES 
                   •   To study career decision-making ability of high school students of State Board and 
                       CBSE schools. 
                   •   To find out students’ career choice behaviour in State Board and CBSE run schools. 
                   •   To  explore  relative  factors  behind  the  students’  career  decision-making  ability  and 
                       career choice behaviour. 
                5. HYPOTHESIS 
                   •   There is no significant difference in career decision making score of girls and boys. 
                   •   There is no significant difference in career decision making score of students of State 
                       Board and CBSE schools. 
                   •   There is no significant difference in career choice behaviour score of girls and boys. 
                   •   There is no significant difference in career choice behaviour score of students of State 
                       Board and CBSE schools. 
                   •   There is no significant relation between students’ career decision making score and of 
                       their career choice behaviour score. 
                6. METHODS 
                Cross sectional design is undertaken in this study. Rationale behind such design is assessment 
                of the target groups two different students’ groups from State Board run schools and public 
                schools under CBSE. Cross sectional appraisal was carried out in the schools within Ujjain 
                district  in  Madhyapradesh  for  an  extent  of  28  days  period  in  December  2019  and  early 
                January  2020.  The  schools  were  identified  and  prior  permission  was  sought  from  the 
                concerned  principals  and  headmasters;  and  the  participants  of  the  study  were  drawn  with 
                cluster and proportionate sampling methods. 
                   Data were collected by the supervisors coming across 6 private schools and 10 govt. run 
                                                             th
                secondary schools. Students studying at 10  standard, both boys and girls were the research 
                participants. Class teachers of the respective schools facilitated in data collection process by 
                assembling the students and sharing benefits of such participation and the actual participants 
                    http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM        1310                        editor@iaeme.com 
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...International journal of management ijm volume issue june pp article id available online at http iaeme com home issn print and doi publication scopus indexed career decision indecision students secondary level schools pabitra kumar das scholar kalinga institute industrial technology kiit bhubaneswar odisha india rakesh dangi rani durgavati vishwavidyalaya jabalpur madhya pradesh young professional national service government iswar chandra naik associate dean social sciences kiss abstract purpose the study investigators explored making ability indecisiveness methodology cross sectional design was considered for this n standardized psychometric tool on style used mediation analysis non parametric tests were in main findings finding shows that there is no significant difference between belonging to two different types results demonstrate state board runs school are just slightly lagging behind comparison cbse decisiveness score but run found have scored more with guidance counseling servi...

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