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Core java oops concepts with examples pdf View Discussion Improve Article Save Article Like Article As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs refers to languages that use objects in programming, they use objects as a primary source to implement what is to happen in the code. Objects are seen by the viewer or user, performing tasks assigned by you. Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism etc. in programming. The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data and the functions that operate on them so that no other part of the code can access this data except that function. Let us discuss prerequisites by polishing concepts of method declaration and message passing. Starting off with the method declaration, it consists of six components: Access Modifier: Defines the access type of the method i.e. from where it can be accessed in your application. In Java, there are 4 types of access specifiers: public: Accessible in all classes in your application.protected: Accessible within the package in which it is defined and in its subclass(es) (including subclasses declared outside the package).private: Accessible only within the class in which it is defined.default (declared/defined without using any modifier): Accessible within the same class and package within which its class is defined.The return type: The data type of the value returned by the method or void if it does not return a value.Method Name: The rules for field names apply to method names as well, but the convention is a little different.Parameter list: Comma-separated list of the input parameters that are defined, preceded by their data type, within the enclosed parentheses. If there are no parameters, you must use empty parentheses ().Exception list: The exceptions you expect the method to throw. You can specify these exception(s).Method body: It is the block of code, enclosed between braces, that you need to execute to perform your intended operations.Message Passing: Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving information to each other. A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore will invoke a function in the receiving object that generates the desired results. Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function and the information to be sent.Now that we have covered the basic prerequisites, we will move on to the 4 pillars of OOPs which are as follows. But, let us start by learning about the different characteristics of an Object-Oriented Programming Language.OOPS concepts are as follows: A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents the set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type. Using classes, you can create multiple objects with the same behavior instead of writing their code multiple times. This includes classes for objects occurring more than once in your code. In general, class declarations can include these components in order: Modifiers: A class can be public or have default access (Refer to this for details).Class name: The class name should begin with the initial letter capitalized by convention.Superclass (if any): The name of the class’s parent (superclass), if any, preceded by the keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one parent.Interfaces (if any): A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class, if any, preceded by the keyword implements. A class can implement more than one interface.Body: The class body is surrounded by braces, { }.An object is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming that represents real-life entities. A typical Java program creates many objects, which as you know, interact by invoking methods. The objects are what perform your code, they are the part of your code visible to the viewer/user. An object mainly consists of: State: It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an object.Behavior: It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an object to other objects.Identity: It is a unique name given to an object that enables it to interact with other objects.Method: A method is a collection of statements that perform some specific task and return the result to the caller. A method can perform some specific task without returning anything. Methods allow us to reuse the code without retyping it, which is why they are considered time savers. In Java, every method must be part of some class, which is different from languages like C, C++, and Python. Let us now discuss the 4 pillars of OOPs:Pillar 1: AbstractionData Abstraction is the property by virtue of which only the essential details are displayed to the user. The trivial or non-essential units are not displayed to the user. Ex: A car is viewed as a car rather than its individual components.Data Abstraction may also be defined as the process of identifying only the required characteristics of an object, ignoring the irrelevant details. The properties and behaviors of an object differentiate it from other objects of similar type and also help in classifying/grouping the object.Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car. The man only knows that pressing the accelerators will increase the car speed or applying brakes will stop the car, but he does not know how on pressing the accelerator, the speed is actually increasing. He does not know about the inner mechanism of the car or the implementation of the accelerators, brakes etc. in the car. This is what abstraction is. In Java, abstraction is achieved by interfaces and abstract classes. We can achieve 100% abstraction using interfaces.Pillar 2: EncapsulationIt is defined as the wrapping up of data under a single unit. It is the mechanism that binds together the code and the data it manipulates. Another way to think about encapsulation is that it is a protective shield that prevents the data from being accessed by the code outside this shield. Technically, in encapsulation, the variables or the data in a class is hidden from any other class and can be accessed only through any member function of the class in which they are declared.In encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other classes, which is similar to what data-hiding does. So, the terms “encapsulation” and “data-hiding” are used interchangeably.Encapsulation can be achieved by declaring all the variables in a class as private and writing public methods in the class to set and get the values of the variables.Pillar 3: Inheritance Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP (Object Oriented Programming). It is the mechanism in Java by which one class is allowed to inherit the features (fields and methods) of another class. Let us discuss some frequently used important terminologies:Superclass: The class whose features are inherited is known as superclass (also known as base or parent class).Subclass: The class that inherits the other class is known as subclass (also known as derived or extended or child class). The subclass can add its own fields and methods in addition to the superclass fields and methods.Reusability: Inheritance supports the concept of “reusability”, i.e. when we want to create a new class and there is already a class that includes some of the code that we want, we can derive our new class from the existing class. By doing this, we are reusing the fields and methods of the existing class.Pillar 4: PolymorphismIt refers to the ability of object-oriented programming languages to differentiate between entities with the same name efficiently. This is done by Java with the help of the signature and declaration of these entities. Note: Polymorphism in Java is mainly of 2 types: Examplepublic class Sum { public int sum(int x, int y) { return (x + y); } public int sum(int x, int y, int z) { return (x + y + z); } public double sum(double x, double y) { return (x + y); } public static void main(String args[]) { Sum s = new Sum(); System.out.println(s.sum(10, 20)); System.out.println(s.sum(10, 20, 30)); System.out.println(s.sum(10.5, 20.5)); }} Great Learning is an ed-tech company that offers impactful and industry-relevant programs in high-growth areas. With a strong presence across the globe, we have empowered 10,000+ learners from over 50 countries in achieving positive outcomes for their careers. Know More Copy Link!Object Oriented programming is a programming style which is associated with the concepts like class, object, Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Polymorphism. Most popular programming languages like Java, C++, C#, Ruby, etc. follow an object-oriented programming paradigm. What is Object-Oriented Programming? Object-Oriented programming (OOP) refers to a type of programming in which programmers define the data type of a data structure and the type of operations that can be applied to the data structure.As Java being the most sought-after skill, we will talk about object-oriented programming concepts in Java. An object-based application in Java is based on declaring classes, creating objects from them and interacting between these objects. I have discussed Java Classes and Objects which is also a part of object-oriented programming concepts, in my previous blog.Edureka 2019 Tech Career Guide is out! Hottest job roles, precise learning paths, industry outlook & more in the guide. Download now.The building blocks of object-oriented programming are Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Polymorphism. Let’s understand more about each of them in the following sequence: Inheritance Encapsulation Abstraction PolymorphismWhat are the benefits of Object Oriented Programming? Improved productivity during software development Improved software maintainability Faster development sprints Lower cost of development Higher quality softwareHowever, there are a few challenges associated with OOP, namely: Steep learning curve Larger program size Slower program execution Its not a one-size fits all solutionLet’s get started with the first Object Oriented Programming concept, i.e. Inheritance. Object Oriented Programming : InheritanceIn OOP, computer programs are designed in such a way where everything is an object that interact with one another. Inheritance is one such concept where the properties of one class can be inherited by the other. It helps to reuse the code and establish a relationship between different classes. As we can see in the image, a child inherits the properties from his father. Similarly, in Java, there are two classes:1. Parent class ( Super or Base class)2. Child class (Subclass or Derived class )A class which inherits the properties is known as Child Class whereas a class whose properties are inherited is known as Parent class. Inheritance is further classified into 4 types:So let’s begin with the first type of inheritance i.e. Single Inheritance:In single inheritance, one class inherits the properties of another. It enables a derived class to inherit the properties and behavior from a single parent class. This will in turn enable code reusability as well as add new features to the existing code.Here, Class A is your parent class and Class B is your child class which inherits the properties and behavior of the parent class.Let’s see the syntax for single inheritance: Class A { --- } Class B extends A { --- } 2. Multilevel Inheritance:When a class is derived from a class which is also derived from another class, i.e. a class having more than one parent class but at different levels, such type of inheritance is called Multilevel Inheritance.If we talk about the flowchart, class B inherits the properties and behavior of class A and class C inherits the properties of class B. Here A is the parent class for B and class B is the parent class for C. So in this case class C implicitly inherits the properties and methods of class A along with Class B. That’s what is multilevel inheritance.Let’s see the syntax for multilevel inheritance in Java:Class A{ --- } Class B extends A{ --- } Class C extends B{ --- } 3. Hierarchical Inheritance:When a class has more than one child classes (sub classes) or in other words, more than one child classes have the same parent class, then such kind of inheritance is known as hierarchical.If we talk about the flowchart, Class B and C are the child classes which are inheriting from the parent class i.e Class A.Let’s see the syntax for hierarchical inheritance in Java:Class A{ --- } Class B extends A{ --- } Class C extends A{ --- }Hybrid inheritance is a combination of multiple inheritance and multilevel inheritance. Since multiple inheritance is not supported in Java as it leads to ambiguity, so this type of inheritance can only be achieved through the use of the interfaces. If we talk about the flowchart, class A is a parent class for class B and C, whereas Class B and C are the parent class of D which is the only child class of B and C.Now we have learned about inheritance and their different types. Let’s switch to another object oriented programming concept i.e Encapsulation.Object Oriented Programming : EncapsulationEncapsulation is a mechanism where you bind your data and code together as a single unit. It also means to hide your data in order to make it safe from any modification. What does this mean? The best way to understand encapsulation is to look at the example of a medical capsule, where the drug is always safe inside the capsule. Similarly, through encapsulation the methods and variables of a class are well hidden and safe.We can achieve encapsulation in Java by: Declaring the variables of a class as private. Providing public setter and getter methods to modify and view the variables values.Let us look at the code below to get a better understanding of encapsulation: public class Employee { private String name; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public static void main(String[] args) { } } Let us try to understand the above code. I have created a class Employee which has a private variable name. We have then created a getter and setter methods through which we can get and set the name of an employee. Through these methods, any class which wishes to access the name variable has to do it using these getter and setter methods.Let’s move forward to our third Object-oriented programming concept i.e. Abstraction.Object Oriented Programming : AbstractionAbstraction refers to the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events. It basically deals with hiding the details and showing the essential things to the user. If you look at the image here, whenever we get a call, we get an option to either pick it up or just reject it. But in reality, there is a lot of code that runs in the background. So you don’t know the internal processing of how a call is generated, that’s the beauty of abstraction. Therefore, abstraction helps to reduce complexity. You can achieve abstraction in two ways:a) Abstract Classb) InterfaceLet’s understand these concepts in more detail.Abstract class: Abstract class in Java contains the ‘abstract’ keyword. Now what does the abstract keyword mean? If a class is declared abstract, it cannot be instantiated, which means you cannot create an object of an abstract class. Also, an abstract class can contain abstract as well as concrete methods. Note: You can achieve 0-100% abstraction using abstract class.To use an abstract class, you have to inherit it from another class where you have to provide implementations for the abstract methods there itself, else it will also become an abstract class.Let’s look at the syntax of an abstract class: Abstract class Mobile { // abstract class mobile Abstract void run(); // abstract method Interface: Interface in Java is a blueprint of a class or you can say it is a collection of abstract methods and static constants. In an interface, each method is public and abstract but it does not contain any constructor. Along with abstraction, interface also helps to achieve multiple inheritance in Java. Note: You can achieve 100% abstraction using interfaces. So an interface basically is a group of related methods with empty bodies. Let us understand interfaces better by taking an example of a ‘ParentCar’ interface with its related methods. public interface ParentCar { public void changeGear( int newValue); public void speedUp(int increment); public void applyBrakes(int decrement); } These methods need be present for every car, right? But their working is going to be different.Let’s say you are working with manual car, there you have to increment the gear one by one, but if you are working with an automatic car, that time your system decides how to change gear with respect to speed. Therefore, not all my subclasses have the same logic written for change gear. The same case is for speedup, now let’s say when you press an accelerator, it speeds up at the rate of 10kms or 15kms. But suppose, someone else is driving a super car, where it increment by 30kms or 50kms. Again the logic varies. Similarly for applybrakes, where one person may have powerful brakes, other may not.Since all the functionalities are common with all my subclasses, I have created an interface ‘ParentCar’ where all the functions are present. After that, I will create a child class which implements this interface, where the definition to all these method varies.Next, let’s look into the functionality as to how you can implement this interface. So to implement this interface, the name of your class would change to any particular brand of a Car, let’s say I’ll take an “Audi”. To implement the class interface, I will use the ‘implement’ keyword as seen below: public class Audi implements ParentCar { int speed=0; int gear=1; public void changeGear( int value){ gear=value; } public void speedUp( int increment) { speed=speed+increment; } public void applyBrakes(int decrement) { speed=speed-decrement; } void printStates(){ System.out.println("speed:"+speed+"gear:"+gear); } public static void main(String[] args) { // TODO Auto- generated method stub Audi A6= new Audi(); A6.speedUp(50); A6.printStates(); A6.changeGear(4); A6.SpeedUp(100); A6.printStates(); } } Here as you can see, I have provided functionalities to the different methods I have declared in my interface class. Implementing an interface allows a class to become more formal about the behavior it promises to provide. You can create another class as well, say for example BMW class which can inherit the same interface ‘car’ with different functionalities. So I hope you guys are clear with the interface and how you can achieve abstraction using it.Finally, the last Object oriented programming concept is Polymorphism.Object Oriented Programming : PolymorphismPolymorphism means taking many forms, where ‘poly’ means many and ‘morph’ means forms. It is the ability of a variable, function or object to take on multiple forms. In other words, polymorphism allows you define one interface or method and have multiple implementations. Let’s understand this by taking a real-life example and how this concept fits into Object oriented programming.Let’s consider this real world scenario in cricket, we know that there are different types of bowlers i.e. Fast bowlers, Medium pace bowlers and spinners. As you can see in the above figure, there is a parent class- BowlerClass and it has three child classes: FastPacer, MediumPacer and Spinner. Bowler class has bowlingMethod() where all the child classes are inheriting this method. As we all know that a fast bowler will going to bowl differently as compared to medium pacer and spinner in terms of bowling speed, long run up and way of bowling, etc. Similarly a medium pacer’s implementation of bowlingMethod() is also going to be different as compared to other bowlers. And same happens with spinner class. The point of above discussion is simply that a same name tends to multiple forms. All the three classes above inherited the bowlingMethod() but their implementation is totally different from one another.Polymorphism in Java is of two types: Run time polymorphism Compile time polymorphismRun time polymorphism: In Java, runtime polymorphism refers to a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this, a reference variable is used to call an overridden method of a superclass at run time. Method overriding is an example of run time polymorphism. Let us look the following code to understand how the method overriding works: public Class BowlerClass{ void bowlingMethod() { System.out.println(" bowler "); } public Class FastPacer{ void bowlingMethod() { System.out.println(" fast bowler "); } Public static void main(String[] args) { FastPacer obj= new FastPacer(); obj.bowlingMethod(); } } Compile time polymorphism: In Java, compile time polymorphism refers to a process in which a call to an overloaded method is resolved at compile time rather than at run time. Method overloading is an example of compile time polymorphism. Method Overloading is a feature that allows a class to have two or more methods having the same name but the arguments passed to the methods are different. Unlike method overriding, arguments can differ in: Number of parameters passed to a method Datatype of parameters Sequence of datatypes when passed to a method.Let us look at the following code to understand how the method overloading works: class Adder { Static int add(int a, int b) { return a+b; } static double add( double a, double b) { return a+b; } public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11)); System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6)); } }I hope you guys are clear with all the object oriented programming concepts that we have discussed above i.e inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction and polymorphism. Now you can make your Java application more secure, simple and re-usable using Java OOPs concepts. Do read my next blog on Java String where I will be explaining all about Strings and its various methods and interfaces.Now that you have understood the Object Oriented Programming concepts in Java, check out the Java training by Edureka, a trusted online learning company with a network of more than 250,000 satisfied learners spread across the globe. Edureka’s Java J2EE and SOA training and certification course is designed for students and professionals who want to be a Java Developer. The course is designed to give you a head start into Java programming and train you for both core and advanced Java concepts along with various Java frameworks like Hibernate & Spring.Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section of this “Object Oriented Programming” blog and we will get back to you as soon as possible. Vugumi tumu banigafapi zunucexu pawesuhu rozi vayoci ladu pewe yurihicoga pofo. Se fojoya vajabi lolo vozu vu bemixa lu bejulofijo mutoloseyi jefudego. 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