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processing
Food an overview
equipmenfi
DR. V.V.
CIIA'y'AN*
Further, is given to the
Introduction an emphasis
yet
newer to make
has technologies that are
R? ature bestowed upon us impact Indian food industry. I
foods. an on the
types of
lS several Quality
& \B have
varietv been made
and Design
human specialities
by the efforts over
available processing
food differ
years developing Some aspeds of
the by effective process in
nu*".tLgiechniques. from the other industries a
iod
ugri.utt*at definite wayi These are :
'Food it
For Processing' then, becomes
necessary meet
fundamentally to the (a) Sensitivity
requirements
following : Most foods are to tem-
'To sensitive Fig. 1:
preserve' to have long
(1) storage/ pH (acidity
perature, prolonged heat, products
viscosity curves of food
iife, Typical
transport impact.
and high and
'To alkalinity) shear
(2) make it digestible'for human in oper-
equipment and
consumption, designing the
keep in
has this
ating conditions, one to In equipment, espe-
(3) 'To make it ready eat' designing the
to by mind. proc-
In fact, has to achieve
one pump-
in heat transfer area,
Foods", cially the
"Processed
. developing damaging
ess results without unduly and
ing mixing/blending time
(4) 'To to the aesthetic senses' capacity,
cater innovative
proper the material. This makes the horsepower of all the rotating
incorporating flavours,
by designs a necessify. rheological complexi-
the
aroma and/or texture to the equipment,
imporiant role. An-
play very
foods. (b) Rheolog ties a
processed rheology has in
role
importart
other
Most rheologically com-
foods are is in of
industry the designing
food
processing plants the
food
In designing flowing
the
plex in that, under
is the sense
the above sequence
and machinery, conditions pumping, mixing,
followed. two or such as
not necessarily Often, homogenisa-
requirements are blending, emulsification,
above
more of the not
they do be-
Design tion and dispersion,
into one operation.
combined l.iquid chemicals do.
food plant ma- have like most
of and
and operation Theydo not inNewtonianway
require special attention behave
chinery often is Here,
part where the viscosify a constant.
necessarily of other
which is not will vary with the
These specialities in fact, the viscosity
process industries. RPM
rate or the
rate, flow
with shear or the
Together this
are discussedbelow. of the stirrer (See Fig. 1). Viscosiry
are
machineries that
the
are discussed or trans-
presentday food industry. alsovarieswithtimeinstorage
partofthe port. or semisolid foods have
is Solid
scenario briefly sketched.
The Indian elon-
their problems. They show
own
is very
gations which
' Nlanufacturers and brittleness
Equipment
Process
N'lamko (See sHtAn
much and time dependant
(A Di'i-eion of [nnovatie Laboratory ln1 stress
on
detailed discussion
,l'orklnp A'r. Ltd) Fig. 2). For a - curves for butter or
Stress Strain
may Fig, 2:
Industnal I'-stttc, reviews
Panna
Itil, I lccra books or
this, specialised shear
in simple
at 10"C
( .100 l!{argarine
ilrcgalr (l:), ilombay t{)3. looked into.
be
.I993 BUSINESS 21
JULY CHEMICAL
rheologr
and
properties
Product
Table 1:
parameter Product
Property Tlpical rheological
Chutnics'
Sauces,
Ketchups,
(101 Squashes,
rate S-r)
very low shear
viscosity at
stability Yield stress
physical
or
Shetf-life
offriction Butter, Margarine
angle
and
strength
compression
from Unconfined
Flow Packages
ketchup
sauces,
drinks,
s'' Soft
around 200
PourabilitY Viscosity at
strength Chocolate, Biscuits
Breaking Breaking
strength Cheese, Margarine
Cutting Shear
Margarine
Biscuits,
Chocolate,
strength Cheese,
Biting Breaking
- -
strength do
breaking
103 s'r,
at about
at 37C and
sensing Viscosity
In-mouth
Butter
Icecream'
(or shear Chocolate,
and maximum
ScoopabilitY Yield stress hardness)
Marg;rine, Cheese
and Butter,
low shear
at
behaviour
viscoelastic
modulus,
SpreadabilitY Elastic
feld stress
Cream
Dressings,
weight against Yield stress Ketchup,
Holding own
sagging.
or
flattening
Up
factors that (e) Scaling
all are
poura- of contamination,
as
such
properties
product
the design
similar need study. Here, a hYgienic
and
texture
speedability,
bility, indus-
processing
in the
up
in the Scaling
importance
greater
a
1). assumes
Table
(See
properties
organoleptic In
the plant sixe.
increasing
means
many other try
than
food machinery
case of the trend is for a
factors. food processing,
uP is
Here, scaling
we the modular design.
sensitivity' underlining
objective
in discussing The basic
Above, largely done bY adding modules.
process is that the machine
designed design
the hygienic
how
noted
have itself
module
of the
scale
the
the to micro- However,
affect not contribute
condition itself should
operating
the
and or goes on increasing. Therefore,'scal'
way'
reverse
In a of contamination
tlpes
or other
adversely' bial
product is required.
equipment
of the
not interna- ing up' 'Rheology'
may Several
food.
conditions the
process of
appropriate spoilage In food processing, plays
job in
but evolved
process have been
required standards
the tional
do
only up. Several
is scaling
role
important
proper- basic require- an
favourable this
impart order to achieve
also
could derived
scientificaily
been
have
stan- rules
conclu- these
has been that
product' It ment. The features
the
to
ties available.
are
use and
appropriate are:
an insisi on
that dards
proved
sively rvould - should
homogenisers surfaces
and Food contiicting
emulsifiers
of Systems
and
condi- (f) Plant
dairy all
manv under
to food
viscosities inert to
higher be
give require
Plants"
juices. there "Food Processing
result'
As a use,
of
fruit tions
and
mixes - not a special attention in cleanliness,
also and
and smooth
be
in stability must
improvement Surfaces
is an plant layouts and designs
bac- spacious
use of exPensive food and
on the allow tiny
saving Particles
cost place
in
to cleaning
amenable
the mi- that are
effects in
Such get deposited
stabilisers. teria to
and
emulsifiers sterilisa-
and inline
are also crevices' (CIP), methods
imProvement surface
of product croscopic and before
down
in shut
- be tiou of plant
proper use should
surfaces
and internal
selection Even
by
achieved startup.
cleaning,
eKruders and
and inspection
for
margarine visible
in
of otators - dis-
facilitate easy
foods. must
in texturised Design
Protein 'systern use
is appropriate
and designs'
cleaning
for
parts
of
mantling con-
process
and
(d) design inspection, of instrumentation
Hygienic the reproducible
- other trol. It ascertains
lids and
match Providing Protec-
must
designs
equipment
The and
energy
also
and
contami- product quality
exlcrnal
prcvent
to
dentands' tions
processing
the
and
product
the Typical ex-
design.
efficient
and material
size nation,
dcnsin',
fragility,
Abrasiveness, systems
designed
of cleverly
- crev- amples
and
corners
sharp
both Avoiding
of
properties
shapc,corrosive
and of Alpha-Laval
Proccss"
"Biostil
dif- are
microbes
harbour
which
food ices,
and the
material
construction
the clean- or "Hcrbal Extraction Plants" of
normal
bY
to dislodge
charactcr- ficult
and
velocities
flow
producl, ins. l,{AMKO.
ease
and
prtrduct
thc
of
statc
pI'I,
i:-iic-s.
1
BUSINESS JULY 993
CHEMICAL
machinerY'
and
Equipment overview
equipment
2: Proccss
Table
Oveniew
used
where
machin- Sr. No. Equipmcnl lndustry
and
ln TableT,equiPment
in food
required
generally
are
that
ery using Processing
Industries
listed.
are
processing
Vegetables
Fruits,
Wheat, Pulses,
In noting the Paddy,
noted.
ih"r" u." also 1. PrecleanersfVashen/Scourcrs
Fisb.
used is the raw Meat,
basis
the
industries, Wheat, Maize
(Pneumatic)
Separator
downstream 2. Cyclone
all the
material.However, SPices
Fruits,
Maize,
J. Separator Wheat,
in relation to Magnetic
included
are
industries SPices
Maize,
Pulses,
Wheat,
or GravitY) Paddy,
{. (Pneumatic
rsed' For examplg maize Destoners
equipment
the Pulses
Oilseed,
). Separator Paddy,
products like samo- Husk, Shell
includes
indusiry (Pneumatic or Gravity)
cornflour' corn oil, starch and
lina, Spices
Tea/Coffee, Sugar,
includes o. Vibrating Separator Wheat, Maize,
The.milk industry
glucose. Sugar
Maize,
milk, 7. Sifters Paddy,
and/or sterilised SPices
Oilseeds,
Maize,
oasteurised it 8. Aspirators c Paddy, 'leafCoftee, Vegetables
likewise
and Fruit,
deserts
dairy Sugar,
i.".r"u-, 9. Size Graders Paddy,
Cnfee,
Teaf
SoYa,
impor- Maize,
Some Pulses,
industries- Paddy,
other
the
for
is Dehusker/Decorlicators
10. Shellers,
Spices
Fish,
Meat,
Vegetables,
consti- Fruits,
that themselves
tant products Dehullers/Peelers/Deskinnen
Wheat
Paddy,
men- Maize,
are sometimes 11. Degermers/Debranners
industries
large
tute Spices
tioned in relation to the specialised 12. Hot Air Conditioner Pulses,
Maize
lJ, Air aerator Pulses,
oil, Humid
for example.
required,
equipment SPices
1A Oilseed,
Sugar,
yoghurt and beer. Hammermills/Pulveriser Paddy,
icecream,
margarine, Oilseed
Maize,
15. Flakers Paddy,
Spices
Maize,
Mills Wheat,
no means ex- 16. Grinding
The list given is bY 't1 scales)
on larger
(also other
improved Conveyers Sugar
be
definitely
It can
haustive. 18. Pulper Tea/Coffee, Fruits, Vegetables
such
equipment
ancillary Sugar
Further, Meat,
Fish,
upon. Vegetables,
19. Cutting/Slicing/Dicing/Shredding Fruits,
piping and electri- SPices
vessel, 0ilseeds,
storage Paddy,
as 20. Roasters
Milk
Tea/C-offee,
is, however, Sugar,
list Maize,
The Paddy,
noted.
not Drum t)?e)
are (Rotary,
cals 21. Dryers
Fish.
rePresentative. Meat,
much
very and Vegetables
Fruits
Dryers Maize,Teaf C-offee,
22. Spray
Vegetables
and
Plant Tea/Coffee, Fruits
Drying
in India 23. Freeze
Development I\'{eat/Fish
Maize, ScYa,
have U. Extruders Paddy,
develoPments Milk
Tremendous Oil (Fnible/Sugar,
25. Mixers/Blenders/Homogenisers/ Wheat, Pulses,
JaPan,
U.SA',
in EuroPe, Yeast.
place Vinegar, Soya,
taken Reactors
in area
NewZealand the Wheat
and
Australia 26. Kneaders
Milk, Yoghurt'
Sugar,
Wheat,
and machin- Paddy,
food processingplant
of 27. BakingOven/Autoclave/Heat
Vinegar
Yeast,
Meat,
devel- Fish,
ery. A number of significant . Exchanger
Tower Wheat, Spices
for the 28. Cooling
waY
have paved the
opments Oil
Maize,
(Exchangers/ Paddyt,
wide range of food 29. Cooling Devices
of a
production
conformingto Tunnels)
machinery,
processing Oilseeds
SPices,
Fruit,
Maize,
Development 30. Expeller/Presses Paddy,
standards.
sanitary
high Tea/Coffee, Milm, Fruit
Sugar,
steel 31. Evaporators/Concentrators Maize,
of stainless
of different grades Rotary)
is (Vacuum,
that
finish
the type of surface
and SPices
Tea/Coffee,
Oil,
ranges of 32. Extractor Maize,
new
metal,
this
on
possible Spiccs
Unit/ Oil,
Recovery
CIP 33. Solvent
plastic construction materials, Desolventers
auto- Oil. Tea/Coffee
techniques,
(Cleaning-in-place) Y. Deodouriser/Refining
Vinegar
Yeast,
Oil, Milk, Fruits,
and Sugar,
operations SeParator/
continuous
and
mation 35. Centrifuge/Cream
are some Clarifiers/Decanten.
teciniques
processing
aseptics 'X. Margarine
Icecream,
that Crystaliser/Votaton Sugar,
notice
One maY
of the factors.
Rotary) Sugar
(Vacuum,
yet 37. Filters
are to
developments
these
many of Vinegar
Yeast,
Tea Coffee,
Press I
food 38. Filter
entry into the Indian
their
make Fruit
the 39. Deaerators Milk,
scene. This has been
machinery (Solid) Tea/Cnttee
rather poor quality 40. Fermentors
for the
main reason Yoghurt, Beer
Vinegar,
processingmachin- 41. Fermentors(Liquid) Yeast,
food
Indian
the
of 42. Fractionators Oil, Tea/Coffee
to note
heartening
ery. It is, however, Juices
43. CIP(Cleaning-in-Place) Milk, Fruit
Sugar'
Fruits,
Oil,
salc),
considerate on
have been (Dcpcnding
that there Unit
Treatment
help 44. Effluent
to'R&D' to Ycast.
government support
industry.
food
the
BUSINESS 23
JULY I993 CHEMICAL
India'
in
are manufactured
2 fuges
Table
of
Continuation spraydrying and
(b) Large capacity
rhert usrd drying
No. EquiPment lnduslry roller Plants
Sr. sPeciallY
of industries,
A number
instant
baby food,
products,
dairy
Packaging the effi-
need
industries,
the range coffee and tea
as per
Machine Required Product
1. WrapPing There
Moller dryers'
and
of cient spray
level
the
will determine
scale
The
Machine Note:
Filling
2. Bag which
problems
engineering
certain
Machine automation. are
Packing
3. C-arton product
and stain-
condition,
Storage
Machine Transport, attention. The austenetic
. Liquid Filling need
4 the'aseptic'
will dctermine
design are
Plant India,
5. Bottling in
commonlyused
steels,
requirement less
6. Exhausting/Retortingequipment packaging Drum
treatment'
heat
by
hardenable
Sealing)' not
(Can Forming,
7. Canning cylin-
perfectly
and
hard
a
need
Machine dryers
8. Sealing treat-
heat
of
Problems
surface.
drical
retardcd the development
Utilities ment have
the
determines
processing
of drums
Type Cl
or
SS
Cast
equipment.
1. Boiler this
requiretnent of
Cooling Tower serve
2. can
plating
chromium
Plant with hard
J. Chilling ln
no attemPt
However,
A Plant the purPose.
Freezing made.
been
has
direction
5. Precooler this
atomizers
centrifugal
the
Similarly, need
also
drYers
industries' in sPraY
food employed
of some
needs
(a) Efforts to the
R&D Mamko and fabrication' The
like .-"2t design
companies
small
Some agencies are Agricultural And some capable
is
satisfy- industry
also engineering
are Indian
Alpha-Equipment
Universities of Punjab,Pantnagar, and the atomizers and
where some developing
needs' of
customer
Rice ingsome
Tamil Nadu,
and
Marathawada drYers'
fabri- of sPraY
or comPonents
to process other
atteniion
at Cuttack, Paddy spicial
Institute
Research lacking'
is also are
There efforts
is needed. Sustained
Processing Research Centre at cition qualitv
small fab-
several
of
Tiruvarur, IITs, Indian Institute of the emergence Recovery
Aroma
area (c) and
in one Evaporation
specialising
each
Bhopal and ricators,
Engineering,
Agricultural ice-
mincing, Pl,ants
meat
potato wafers,
CSIR and ICAR laboratories' likc
some in any
be found production
may juicc
list concentrate
Their
CFTRI has been endeavouring to cream. Fruit of
subject' Many
this
on equipments.
the directories thcse
since of requires
machinery
processing
food
develop from
are exported
the the fruit products
to
to cater
inception, specially
its is not
Technologies the countrY. The technologY
processors' New
scale
of the small
needs for the Indian engi-
complicated
overall too
for the
is
equiPment need
Over the Years, several Though the of en-
Application
industry.
and industry neering
worked out food machinery
the
have been of
designs srowth techniques like vapour
saring
fabrica- in its formaLive ergy
proto-tlpe iector, which is still
through
perfected and multi-effect evapo-
in recompression
needed
are
developments
trials. and
factory stage,
and
tion nt, ration are emPloYed in indigenous
equipme
and
machinery
of
types
al! dairy
and
chemical
in other
need special equipment
areas
technology
liers some
/ Supp
Machinery Manu,facture of
S) types
However' right
are: aiplications.
them
of
Some
food attention.
Indian
the
on
imPact
A large evaporators with aroma recoverY
by the
been
has
industries in the
prccessing centrtfugel plants a.e not manufactured
specialised
(a) speed
collaborations HiSh
foreign
with
companies Larsen separalors country.
like
Companies
or agcncies. need
industries
of
number
and A good
Mather
Alpha-Laval'
Toubro, heat
and (d) energj efficient
Nozle Speci.alised
separators'
have been efficient centrifugal
Penwalt
and
Kilburn
Platt, disc bowl exchangers
self-cleaning/desludging
a number of specialised ancl
introducing been
has
industry
food
inciian
in dairy, The
application
Then, have
centrifuges
market' type
Indian
the
into
machines exchangers
tubular heat
mostiy
many using
and
efraction
have protein
who rel-rning
some oil
are
there
course,
of ex-
beat
Plate
processes.
thermal
nlatrufactur- for all
in- Bcsides
indtrstrics.
one other
to
catering
in
specialising
been Sur-
ScraPcd
and
(PHEs),
undcrstand- changers
for a thorough
ctifficulties,
machines ing
of
supply
the
dustrylike arc
(SSIJEs)
Heat Erchangers
is face
machines
o[ thc
clynamics
the
and paddy ing of
extraction
solvent
sugai, srnlrllcr
and
ittr unilonn hcating
rnachines' known
thcse
proccssing viiil for manufacturing
Plants. foods'
for
vilal
arc
rvhich
timcs,
ccntrifugcs heating
of
m odcls
fcw
a
from
Apart Liti':
thlt nranuf'rt "I
is rctcntit
in- It onlr
dairv
thc
in
scitaratirln
crcaut
proc- ftx
cilenriclrl
above
the
to ,
Furthr:r :lirted in Indi:r' !i'
ii.rs
ccntri- P[{[t-s
disc
of
tr'pcs
orhcr
tttr
Glt'r dtrstrl',
also
nianufacturers
equipnrcnt
ess
1993
t'IESS .ruLY
Sl
B U
lcAL
24 cl{El,,t
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