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ESA PSS-05-04 Issue 1 Revision 1 March 1995 Guide to the software architectural design phase Prepared by: ESA Board for Software Standardisation and Control (BSSC) european space agency / agence spatiale européenne 8-10, rue Mario-Nikis, 75738 PARIS CEDEX, France ii ESA PSS-05-04 Issue 1 Revision 1 (March 1995) PREFACE DOCUMENT STATUS SHEET DOCUMENT STATUS SHEET 1. DOCUMENT TITLE: ESA PSS-05-04 Guide to the software architectural design phase 2. ISSUE 3. REVISION 4. DATE 5. REASON FOR CHANGE 1 0 1992 First issue 1 1 1995 Minor updates for publication Issue 1 Revision 1 approved, May 1995 Board for Software Standardisation and Control M. Jones and U. Mortensen, co-chairmen Issue 1 approved, March 31st 1992 Telematics Supervisory Board Issue 1 approved by: The Inspector General, ESA Published by ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Printed in the Netherlands. ESA Price code: E1 ISSN 0379-4059 Copyright © 1995 by European Space Agency ESA PSS-05-04 Issue 1 Revision 1 (March 1995) iii PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1 1.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 OVERVIEW................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PHASE............................................3 2.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 3 2.2 EXAMINATION OF THE SRD................................................................................... 4 2.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE PHYSICAL MODEL....................................................... 5 2.3.1 Decomposition of the software into components............................................ 7 2.3.2 Implementation of non-functional requirements............................................... 7 2.3.2.1 Performance requirements....................................................................... 8 2.3.2.2 Interface requirements ............................................................................. 8 2.3.2.3 Operational requirements...................................................................... 10 2.3.2.4 Resource requirements.......................................................................... 10 2.3.2.5 Verification requirements........................................................................ 10 2.3.2.6 Acceptance-testing requirements ......................................................... 10 2.3.2.7 Documentation requirements................................................................ 10 2.3.2.8 Security requirements............................................................................. 10 2.3.2.9 Portability requirements.......................................................................... 11 2.3.2.10 Quality requirements............................................................................ 11 2.3.2.11 Reliability requirements........................................................................ 11 2.3.2.12 Maintainability requirements................................................................ 13 2.3.2.13 Safety requirements ............................................................................. 14 2.3.3 Design quality................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3.1 Design metrics........................................................................................ 16 2.3.3.1.1 Cohesion...................................................................................... 16 2.3.3.1.2 Coupling....................................................................................... 18 2.3.3.1.3 System shape.............................................................................. 20 2.3.3.1.4 Data structure match................................................................... 20 2.3.3.1.5 Fan-in............................................................................................ 20 2.3.3.1.6 Fan-out......................................................................................... 21 2.3.3.1.7 Factoring...................................................................................... 21 2.3.3.2 Complexity metrics................................................................................. 21 2.3.3.3 Abstraction ............................................................................................. 21 2.3.3.4 Information hiding................................................................................... 23 2.3.3.5 Modularity............................................................................................... 23 2.3.4 Prototyping....................................................................................................... 24 2.3.5 Choosing a design approach.......................................................................... 24 iv ESA PSS-05-04 Issue 1 Revision 1 (March 1995) PREFACE 2.4 SPECIFICATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN..........................................25 2.4.1 Assigning functions to components................................................................ 25 2.4.2 Definition of data structures............................................................................. 26 2.4.3 Definition of control flow................................................................................... 27 2.4.3.1 Sequential and parallel control flow....................................................... 28 2.4.3.2 Synchronous and asynchronous control flow.......................................28 2.4.4 Definition of the computer resource utilisation................................................ 29 2.4.5 Selection of the programming language......................................................... 29 2.5 INTEGRATION TEST PLANNING............................................................................ 30 2.6 PLANNING THE DETAILED DESIGN PHASE.........................................................30 2.7 THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PHASE REVIEW.................................................31 CHAPTER 3 METHODS FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN....................................33 3.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 33 3.2 STRUCTURED DESIGN.......................................................................................... 33 3.2.1 Yourdon methods............................................................................................. 34 3.2.2 SADT................................................................................................................. 35 3.2.3 SSADM.............................................................................................................. 36 3.3 OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN................................................................................. 36 3.3.1 Booch............................................................................................................... 38 3.3.2 HOOD.............................................................................................................. 39 3.3.3 Coad and Yourdon........................................................................................... 40 3.3.4 OMT................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.5 Shlaer-Mellor..................................................................................................... 42 3.4 JACKSON SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT.................................................................... 43 3.5 FORMAL METHODS.............................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 4 TOOLS FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN..........................................47 4.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 47 4.2 TOOLS FOR PHYSICAL MODEL CONSTRUCTION.............................................47 4.3 TOOLS FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION..................................48 CHAPTER 5 THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN DOCUMENT.................................49 5.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 49 5.2 STYLE...................................................................................................................... 49 5.2.1 Clarity ............................................................................................................... 49 5.2.2 Consistency..................................................................................................... 50 5.2.3 Modifiability...................................................................................................... 50 5.3 EVOLUTION............................................................................................................ 50 5.4 RESPONSIBILITY.................................................................................................... 51 5.5 MEDIUM.................................................................................................................. 51 5.6 CONTENT............................................................................................................... 51
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