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Forms of the Chronotope in Fin-de-Siècle British Women’s Poetry A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Julie Casanova School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Table of Contents Table of Figures...................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 5 Declaration and Copyright Statement ................................................................................. 6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 9 1. The Poetic Chronotope in Context ............................................................................ 15 1.1 Current Research on the Chronotope: Generic versus Cognitive ............... 15 1.2 The Chronotope in Feminist and Gender Studies: 1980s Onwards ............ 18 1.3 Bakhtin’s Chronotope and Poetry: Tensions, Adaptation, Application ..... 20 2. Chronotopes, Women’s Poetry and the Fin-de-Siècle .............................................. 24 2.1 The Fin-de-Siècle as a Chronotope ................................................................. 24 2.2 Hegemonic Narratives at the End of the Century ......................................... 27 2.3 Mapping the Fin-de-Siècle: Women’s Poetry & the Pitfalls of Liminality . 30 2.4 Micro-mapping the Fin-de-Siècle and the Feminine ..................................... 35 3. Outline of the Chapters ............................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 1: SPECTRAL & ‘WILD WOMEN’ CHRONOTOPES IN THE POETRY OF ROSAMUND MARRIOTT WATSON ....................................................................... 41 1. Introduction: A Province of her Own – The Spectral Chronotope ........................... 41 2. Counting Down to Domestic Rebellion: Border-Ballads, Time Bombs and the ‘Wild Woman Chronotope’ .......................................................................................................... 46 3. The New Woman and the Revolution Chronotope in “Quern of the Giants” ........... 68 4. London, ‘Goddess and Sphinx’: Monstrosity, Eros and the New Woman in Marriott Watson’s City Songs .......................................................................................................... 83 5. Conclusion of Chapter 1 ........................................................................................... 98 CHAPTER 2: CHRONOTOPES OF THE INHUMAN AND NON-HUMAN: ALIENATED TIME AND ANTICLIMAXES IN MAY KENDALL’S POETRY ...... 100 1. Introduction: Chronotopic Tension in Kendall’s Urban & Satirical Poems ........... 100 2. End of a Dream: Work-Discipline, Inhuman Time & Chronotopes of Idleness ..... 106 3. Dream of an End: Evolution, Deep Time and Non-Human Chronotopes .............. 122 4. Conclusion of Chapter 2 ......................................................................................... 143 CHAPTER 3: COMMON CHRONOTOPIC PATTERNS IN NEW WOMEN’S POETRY ............................................................................................................................. 144 1. Introduction: Building a New Woman Mythos ....................................................... 144 2. Decadent Ariadne: Chronotopes of the Labyrinth .................................................. 146 2.1 Chronotopes of the ‘Public Woman’: Baudelaire, Symons and Wilde ..... 148 2.2 Chronotopes of the Labyrinth: Levy, de Mattos and Marriott Watson ... 152 2 3. Sisters of Artemis: Chronotopes of the Moon ........................................................ 160 3.1 Lunar Chronotopes of Death: Laforgue, Wilde and Symons .................... 163 3.2 Chronotopes of the Creative Moon: Marriott Watson, Blind and Field ... 165 4. Count-Down to the Promised Epoch: Timers and Chronotopes of the Future ....... 171 4.1 Lifetime, Clocks and Hourglasses: Symons and Henley ............................. 172 4.2 Counting Tropes in Women’s Poetry: Coleridge, Levy and Blind ............ 177 4.3 Future and the Chronotope of the Cigarette: Dollie Radford ................... 180 5. Conclusion of Chapter 3 ......................................................................................... 187 AFTERWORD ................................................................................................................... 188 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 192 Primary Literature ............................................................................................................ 192 Secondary Literature ........................................................................................................ 194 Annexes ............................................................................................................................... 206 Word count: 72,991 3 Table of Figures Figure 1: Arthur Tomson, frontispiece to A Summer Night, and Other Poems, by Rosamund Marriott Watson (London: Methuen), 1891. .......................................................................... 96 Figure 2: The Lay of the Trilobite, Punch Magazine 88, 24 January 1885 ......................... 137 Figure 3: The Philanthropist and the Jellyfish, Punch Magazine 91, 27 Nov. 1886 ............ 137 Figure 4: Claude Monet, Boulevard des Capucines, oil on canvas (Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, USA), 1873-1874. ............................................................................... 206 Figure 5: James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket, oil on panel (Detroit Institute of the Arts), 1875. ................................................................. 207 Figure 6: Franz von Stuck, The Kiss of the Sphinx, Found in the Victorian Web, c. 1895. 208 Figure 7: Tintoretto, Bacchus, Venus and Ariadne, oil on canvas (Venice: Palazzo Ducale), 1576-77 ................................................................................................................................ 209 4
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