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Thermodynamics - Introduction Thermo :heat Kinetic Theory of dynamics : motion Gases Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of motion of heat. State Variables Most thermodynamical variables depends on the temperature Zeroth law of thermodynamics of the system. Although it is dynamics - one interesting aspect - Time however does not enter in most of the thermodynamic equations. Did you notice that Temperature did not enter in most of the equations in Mechanics, and will notice that it does not enter Quantum Mechanics and Electrodynamics equations !! Thermodynamics describes average properties (that generally does not depend on details of position/velocity) of macroscopic (matter that contains atoms or molecules) matter in equilibrium. Such as Volume, Pressure, Temperature (called as thermodynamic coordinates or variables or parameters). 27/41 Thermodynamics - Introduction Contd .. Kinetic Theory of A state of macroscopic matter where average properties does Gases not change with time - Equilibrium State (usually no external Thermodynamics State Variables driving force exists). Zeroth law of In thermodynamics, the average macroscopic properties of the thermodynamics system are not independent of each other. Measure a subset of properties and then calculate the remaining using thermodynamic relations. You will see that the laws (4 in number) of thermodynamics are general.Theydescribeanysysteminequilibrium-awide variety of physical and chemical systems. Thermodynamics was formulated in 18th and 19th Century - before we knew in detail the structure of matter. Hence it works even if matter constituents are not fully known. 28/41 Albert Einstein and Thermodynamics Kinetic Theory of Gases Thermodynamics State Variables Zeroth law of thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the only physical theory of universal content which, within the framework of applicability of its basic concepts, I am convinced will never be overthrown. 29/41 Planck, Black Body Radiation and Thermodynamics Ihadnoalternativebuttotackletheproblemagain ... from the side of thermodynamics. In fact, my Kinetic Theory of Gases previous studies of the Second Law of Thermody- Thermodynamics namics came to stand me in good stead now, for at State Variables the very outset I hit upon the idea of correlating not Zeroth law of the temperature of the oscillator but its entropy with thermodynamics the energy... While a host of outstanding physicists worked on the problem of the spectral energy dis- tribution both from the experimental and theoretical aspect, every one of them directed his eāµorts solely towards exhibiting the dependence of the intensity of radiation on the temperature. On the other hand, I suspected that the fundamental connection lies in the dependence of entropy with the energy ... Nobody paid any attention to the method which I adopted and I could work out by calculations completely at my leisure, with absolute thoroughness, without fear of interference or competition. 30/41
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