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notes flawed idea of justice try to point out some ontological episte mological and methodological limits in sen s idea of ustice as sen himself says quoting ernard illiams disagreement ...

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             NOTES
            Flawed Idea of Justice                                                                                try to point out some ontological, episte„
                                                                                                                  mological  and  methodological  limits  in 
                                                                                                                  Sen’s idea of ustice. As Sen himself says, 
                                                                                                                  quoting ‡ernard Šilliams, “disagreement 
            Maidul Islam                                                                                          does not necessarily hae to  e oercome” 
                                                                                                                  “p  1”•. ‡efore one starts theorising a out 
            The questions of antagonism,                                istinguished professor and o el          remoing  inustice  as  Sen  has  done,  it 
            hegemony and imperialism are                                ­aureate  Amartya  Sen,  in  his          ould   e  orth  as€ing  first  a out  the 
            missing in Amartya Sen’s treatise                  recent  oo€, The Idea of Justice                  ontological  and  e…istential  question  of 
            The Idea of Justice. ne cannot                    has  ta€en  a  pragmatic  approach   y             inustice itself. That is to say, ho inus„
                                                               pondering oer the idea of enhancement             tices occur and e…ist in society– ne can 
            comprehensiely understand the                     of ustice  y remoal of inustice instead of      argue that inustices are functions of specific 
            notions of ustice and inustice                   imagining an a priori perfect ust society, or     poer  relations  in  society,  here  the 
            ithout addressing these                           identifying “perfectly ust” social arrange„       unust conditions of ple s are the results 
            core issues.                                       ments  or  ust  institutions.  Sen  has  also     of  certain  policies  of  the  poer   loc. 
                                                               emphasised pu lic  reasoning  and  pu lic          Œence, antagonism is a constitutie part of 
                                                               de ates for alternatie isions of remoing        any society. Še cannot therefore address 
                                                               inustice.  Thus,  Sen’s  idea  of  ustice  is    the question of ustice hile focusing on 
                                                                pluralist  in  character  ith  a  democratic     remoing inustice ithout analy sing and 
                                                               engagement ith aried positions and yet           remoing antagonism prealent in soci„
                                                               ith possi ilities to arrie at certain collec„    ety. The present crisis in the form of eco„
                                                               tie outcomes. Sen’s  oo€ holds merit as it        nomic inequalities, unemployment, glo al 
                                                               only see€s to search for an idea of ustice        capitalist e…ploitation of enironment and 
                                                               rather  than  ansering  “hat  is  ustice”       the crisis of “glo al iolence” “or glo al 
                                                               and  does  not  ma€e  a  grand  claim  that        terrorism•  ould   e  unresoled  if  the 
                                                               “this is ustice”. Sen’s approach is not to        antagonistic  poer  relations  across  the 
                                                               proide  an  “ideal,  perfec t,  ust  society     orld continue to e…ist.
                                                                theory”  ut to loo€ at alternatie ays of           Žegarding “pu lic reasoning”, one can 
                                                               remoing inustices or ho inustices can          as€ the folloing questions— ho ould 
                                                                e minimised in  comparatie approaches            decide the rules and regulations of pu lic 
                                                               or “realisation„ focused comparison” as he         de ates and pu lic reasoning in a orld 
                                                               claims in e…ten  ding the legacies of Adam         controlled  y the corporate media– Šho 
                                                               Smith, †eremy ‡entham, †ohn Stuart ˆill,           ould  in  pu lic  de ates  in  faour  of 
                                                               ˆarqui s de ‰ondorcet, ˆary Šollstonecraft          ustice and against inustice– ‰an there  e 
                                                               and ‹arl  ˆar…  hile  differing  ith  the        such  an  ideal  situation  of  democratic 
                                                               “transcendental  institutionalism”  of  con„        dialogue  eteen utilitarian, egalitarian 
                                                               tractarian  theorists  li€e  Thomas  Œo  es ,      and no„nonsense li ertarian as Sen has 
                                                               †ohn  ­oc€e,  †ean  †acques  Žousseau,             portrayed in his ideal scheme of things– 
                                                               ‘mmanuel ‹ant and †ohn Žals. Accordin g           r ould not the pragmatic reality  e ery 
                                                               to Sen, the contractualists  elieed in an         different  –  that  of  an  “impossi le  dia„
                                                               ideal, per fect, ust society theory on the        logue” precisely  ecause the ery different 
                                                                asis of trans cendentalism to find perfectly      positions  on  ustice  fundamentally  dis„
                                                               ideal,  ust  social  arrange ment s  hile  the   agree ith one another and has an in uilt 
                                                               comparatie  frame or€   theorists  ere          narcissism ithin each one of them, claim„
                                                               interested in remoing  inustices in aried       ing— “our path is the right path”,  ased on 
                                                               ays.  The  merits  of  Sen’s  approach  to        their  reason.  Therefore,  reasoning  as  a 
            The opinions e…pressed in this article are          ustice lies in the fact that it tries to ma€e    alue is neither autonomous nor impar„
            entirely personal,  ut also resulting from         a  distinguishe d   contri ution   y   differing   tial,   ut hether a hegemonic uniersal 
            numerous de ates and discussions. ‘ am also        ith  ‹ant’s  notion  of  “perfect   ustice”,     reason is dominant or ruling the society is 
            inde ted to the suggestions and insightful          Aristotle’s  “uniersal  ustice”  and  Žals’    a   significant  question  to  pose.  ‘n  this 
            comments of an anonymous referee.                  preo ccupation ith ustice and moral rights.      respect,  e  can  remind  ˆar…„Engels’ 
            ˆaidul ‘slam “moidul.islam@gmail.com• is a            The  oo€, in this riter’s opinion, ho„        famous proclamation in The German Ideo­
            doctoral student in epartment of Politics and     eer, has seeral deficiencies. ‘n this arti„      logy— “the ideas of the ruling class are in 
            ‘nternational Želations, ™niersity of …ford.     cle e ill critically engage ith Sen, and        every epoch the ruling ideas”. ‘n that case, 
            116                                                                                    august 6, 2011  vol xlvi no 32  EPW  Economic & Political Weekly
                                                                                                                                                                                    NOTES
              “the idea of ustice” and “ays to remoe                   authoritarian imposition from a oe than                    after  eentful  political  transformations 
              inustice”   ecome  a  game  of  contesting                 hegemonic  formation  from   elo  ith                     such as the Spartacus slae reolt, English 
              positions struggling for hegemony. There„                   people’s consent and actie participation                   Žeolution,  £rench  Žeolution,  Žussian 
              fore,  setting  the  rules  of  such  a  game               in championing a ersion of ustice can  e                  Žeolution,  ‰hinese  Žeolution,  ‘ranian 
              of contesting positions and the final out„                  questioned¢collapsed ith ne possi ilities                 ‘slamic  Žeolution,  national  li eration 
              come of that game is dependent on in„                      of struggle for li eration from a repressie                and decolonisation. After the transforma„
              ning  and  losing  parties  of  hegemonic                   notion of ustice.                                          tion of the post„ar elfare state to the 
              struggle  of  contesting  positions.  ˆore„                    ‘n case of a repressie poer, the nor„                  retreat of the elfare state ith the emer„
              oer, there cannot  e any “neutral author„                  matie  idealism  of  “ust  society”  itself               gence of neo„li eral consensus, ustice has 
              ity” setting the rules of pu lic reason and                  ecomes relegated to redundancy ith the                    not  een ensured to significant sections of 
              pu lic de ates  ecause authority  y defi„                   emergence of realism, here only poer,                     population in those societies and indeed 
              nition is lin€ed ith poer and the his„                    and remaining seated in poer  ecomes                       e find ne forms of inustices haunting 
              toric  e…perience  of  human  e…istence                     an ideal. Thus, ideals li€e ustice or remo„               the orld. Œoeer, it can  e definitely 
              shos us that poer is neer innocent or                    ing inustice only  ecome an illusionary                    argued that some of the a oe„mentioned 
              impartial  ut has a motie to fulfil, and                   eil to camouflage the hidden goal of the                   political transformations hae made adance„
              thus open to manipulation  y the domi„                      political act of achieing poer. ‘n such a                 ments in ma€ing societies relatiely more 
              nant poer  loc for its on ested inter„                   situation, the promise and hope of esta „                   ust, hile eliminating certain inustices 
              ests. ‘n this respect, Sen does not engage                  lishing a ust society or remoing inus„                   li€e a olition of slaery, dis andment of 
              ith  the  concept  of  hegemony,  hich                    tices is a political proect of the present.                priate armies of propertied classes, con„
              actually  deries  from  the  anta gonistic                 The promise of ustice or remoing inus„                   centrated  focus  on  social  sectors  li€e 
              nature of human society fractured ith                      tice is made to the people at the current                   health and education, etc. n the other 
              aried  ethico„political position s and dis„                conuncture “no• for political mo ilisa„                   hand, in the current neo„li eral dispensa„
              tinct politico„ideological articulations.                   tion  to  esta lish  a  “relatiely  ne  ust              tion,  e  find  ust  concerns  for  eniron„
                                                                          society ” in the near future. o, regard„                  ment and “right to information”  y car„
              Question of Political Struggle                              ing  the  a sence  of  hegemony as a core                   ing out a space for goernmental account„
              ‘t is indeed surprising that een if ›ramsci                concept in Sen’s or€, there are to more                   a ility and responsi ility to the pu lic,  ut 
              is listed as a “political radical” “p 1œ1•, Sen             issues hich need to  e addressed. £irst,                   at the same time, e can also itness ne 
              only places him ithin the categories of                    any  normatie  concept  such  as  ustice,                 forms  of  inustices  ith  financial  crisis 
              “entanglements, language and communica„                     li erty, equality, freedom, etc, are histori„               and its  negatie  effects  on  employment 
              tion” and descri es him as an influence on                  cally specific and are therefore contingent                 and  income,  socialisation  of  corporate 
              ‰am ridge economist Piero Sraffa, ho,                      on specific time and space. £or e…ample,                    losses  y  ailing out  ig capital ith pu „
              in turn, influenced the great œŸth century                  there as a point of time in human history                  lic  money,  offering  “social   ri es”  “Pat„
              philosopher, ­udig Šittgenstein “pp 11¡„œ1•                here  the  erdict  of  a  clan  leader  or                nai€ œŸŸ6• in the name of corporate ta… 
              and not as an original ˆar…ist thin€er,                     emperor as seen as ustice from a legalistic               concessions, land gra  ing and e…propria„
              ho introduced the concept of hegemony                      point  of  ie.  Similarly,  ancient  ›ree€                tion of the peasant economy coupled ith 
                                                               1
              as a €ey tool to understand politics.  Še                   philosophers li€e Plato and Aristotle did                   agrarian crisis in many deeloping coun„
              can  further  clarify  that  the  struggle  to              not argue that the e…istence of slaes in                   tries, the retreat of elfarist policies, etc. 
              ensure  ustice  or  remoing  inustice  to                their  societies  is  fundamentally  unust.                Since, Sen’s  oo€ is ritten for our times, 
              arrie  at  relatiely  more  ust  conditions              Secondly, any normatie concept li€e ustice,               he does not offer us any solution ho e 
              ia Sen’s approach is intricately connected                 li erty, equality, freedom, etc, also has a                 can ma€e societies relatiely ust in the 
              to the question of political struggle to in                class¢group  underpinning.  Thus,  hich                    midst of neo„li eral hegemony. Žather his 
              hegemony oer the rest of the population.                   class¢group gets ustice at the e…pense of                  arguments can ell  e sufficient to sus„
              The population in a societ y can  e politi„                 hom  and  furthermore,  ho  decides                       tain a neo„li eral dispensation as e ill 
              cally coninced for a particular ersion of                 hat is ust and hat is unust, much a€in                  see ne…t on the question of imperialism.   
              ustice or ays of remoing inustice  y                    to the iet¤schean pro lem of ho decides 
              consultations, consent, democratic partici„                 good and eil “iet¤sche œŸŸ¥, 1¡¡š• is a                   Vehicles of US Imperialism
              pations,  etc.  ‘f  a  particular  ersion  of              significant  question  to  pose,  hich  Sen                Sen argues that the ™nited ations, many 
               ustice  is  superimposed  from  top,  then                has  not  as€ed  precisely   ecause  of  his                non„goernmental  organisation’s  “NGO• 
              hegemony nonetheless can  e esta lished,                    complete  de un€ing  of  the  concept  of                   and  parts  of  the  nes  media  hae  a 
               ut ith coercie mechanisms, hich in a                    hegemony in his ritings.                                    positie  role  to  play  in  ensuring  glo al 
              ay can also inite resistance¢challenge                       o, one might argue that Sen’s proect                  demo cracy characterised  y glo al rea„
              to  the  hegemonic formation¢poer  loc                     of  remoing inustices instead of giing                   soning  “pp  ”Ÿ¦„Ÿ¡•.  ne  can  raise  an 
              and thus can limit its scope of operation.                  the call for a transcendental perfect ust                  empirico„ factual question as to ho the 
              ‘n that circumstance, the ery notion of a                  society has merit  ecause the history of                    UN, NGOs and media are going to facilitate 
              hegemonic idea of ustice and its moral                     human e…istence has so far shon that no                    glo al democracy hen more often than 
              authority that is esta lished through an                    society has  een a solutely ust and een                   not, they are sold to corporate interests 
              Economic & Political Weekly   EPW  august 6, 2011  vol xlvi no 32                                                                                                          11š
             NOTES
             and hae  een the ehicles of US imperial„               argument  in  the  idea  of  “glo al  demo„             suppresses¢silences the oices of the other 
             ism for quite sometime no. Therefore,                   cracy ”  and  “glo al  ustice”  mediated               “read ple eian ictims•, hich gets either 
                                                                                                                                                          ¥
             Sen’s idea of ustice cannot  e plural  ut               through imperialist agencies li€e the UN,               displaced or unheard.  ‘n this connection, 
             partial, since the prealent conditions of               Šorld  Trade  rganisation  “WO•,  NGOs                Sen’s “glo al dialogue” is impossi le pre„
             seeral forms of antagonism e…pressed in                 and  corporate media.                                   cisely  ecause of the antagonistic nature 
             the  phenomenon  of  poerty,  inequality,                  Sen  tries  to  ma€e  a  happy  harmony,             of  glo al  poer  relations  and  can  only 
             illiteracy,  health  ha¤ards,  undemocratic              arguing  in  faour  of  a  glo al  dialogue            e…ist  in  the  imaginations  of  an  idealist 
             international “dis•order are consequences                 eteen the imperialist poer  loc alli„                thin€er, ho ironically is not interested  
             of corporate model of neo„li eral capital„               ance of Šashington, ­ondon, Paris and                   in  proiding a transcendental ideal ust 
             ism. Already, Partha ‰hatteree has inci„                To€yo  ith  “anti„glo alisation  protests”             perfect  society.  £actually,  such  “glo al 
             siely shon us that “empire’s ision is a               “p  ”Ÿ¡•. Since eents li€e inasion of ‘raq,           dialogue” has  een proed to  e counter„ 
             glo al  democracy”  “‰hatteree  œŸŸ”—                   Afghanistan,  “glo al  terrorism”,  glo al              productie as eident in the UN deli era„
             1ŸŸ•. ‘n fact, institutions li€e the UN, NGOs            economic crises, actiities of transnational            tions,  WO  negotiations  and  climate 
             and media that Sen has so much hope for                  corporations  and  thus  “institutions  and             change summits ith concerns of “orld 
                                                                                                                                              ”
             and trust in, hae themseles contri uted                policies of one country influence lies else„           of the third”  and their conflict ith the 
             in sustaining the current unust imperialist             here”  oth directly and indirectly, Sen                alliance of imperialist poer  loc. Šhen 
             system. Thus, it can  e argued that Sen’s                argues  for  a  glo al  dialogue  ith  the             UN, WO and climate change tal€s fail, the 
             ision  of  furthering  the  reach  of  glo al           oices of affected people “p 1¥Ÿ•. ›ayatri              imperialist  poer   loc  coterie  does  not 
             democracy   asically  oerlaps  ith  the                ‰ha€raorty  Spia€  “1¡¦¦—  ¥Ÿ¦•,  “the                engage in self„introspection, rather it con„
             proect  of  American  empire  “remem er,                quintessential argumentatie ‘ndian” and                tinues to pursue the same sets of oppres„
                                                                                                 œ
             the rhetoric of successie American presi„               Sen’s “lifelong friend”  famously announ„               sie and e…ploitatie policies that affect 
             dents  in  faour  of  “glo al  democracy”               ced that “§t¨he su altern cannot spea€”.                the  lies  of  significant  sections  of  the 
             een ith unust ars  ut ustifying those               E…tending Spia€, e ould argue that                   orld’s population. ‘n this regard, the ide„
             heinous acts in the cause of democracy,                  een  if  the  su altern  spea€s  ith  an              alism of “glo al dialogue”  ased on rea„
             peace, freedom and ustice•. ne can iden„               “authentic oice”, dominant loud oices of              soned argument is effectiely reduced to 
             tify the logic of empire in the intellectual             the  metropolitan  self  “read  the  empire•            “disengaged toleration”, ith the comfort 
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             11¦                                                                                              august 6, 2011  vol xlvi no 32  EPW  Economic & Political Weekly
                                                                                                                                                                                    NOTES
              of such la¤y resolution as— “you are right in               in  fact  forgets  to  mention  the  common                 in remo ing inustice than haing an ideal 
              your community and ‘ am right in mine”                      €noledge  that  it  as  America’s  on                    ust society is a selectie reading  y Sen. ‘t 
              “p …•, hich Sen himself criticises. This                   £ran€enstein created as a strategy of cold                  is  not  clear,  hy  Sen  decided  to  pose 
              only e…poses the self„contradiction of his                  ar politics, hich is no haunting the                     ˆar…, not as an ideal perfect ust society 
              argument. Še ould also add that the                        empire. So, America has to account for                      thin€er– ‘n his “Sen 1¡¡Ÿ• ‡engali  oo€, 
              impossi ility of glo al dialogue particu„                   much of the present crisis in the a€e of                   Jibonjatra  O  rthaniti  “iving  and  co­
              larly  in  an  antagonistic  atmosphere  of                 glo al terrorism. Similarly, Sen also does                  nomics•,  Sen  has  referred  to  the  classic 
               saagery  of  ar,  economic  inequalities                 not assess America’s unust historic rongs,                ˆar…ian te…t— The German Ideology, here 
               eteen rich and poor countries, and the                    most  crudely  e…pressed  in  decimating                    ˆar…„Engels  “1¡”š•  argues  a out  the 
              inustices of poerty, lac€ of educational                  Œiroshima  and  agasa€i  ith  atom                        notion of human freedom in “communist 
              opportunities and poor health conditions                     om s, its military interentions and the                   society”  and  “true  socialism”.  Then  e 
              in deeloping nations is a result of e…ploi„                ‰entral  ‘ntelligence  Agency  sponsored                    €no a out ˆar…’s “1¡¡¡a• idea of distri „
              tation and oppression of the shining orld                  coups in parts of ­atin America and the                     utie  ustice  in  a  communist  society— 
              toards the suffering one.                                  ˆuslim orld, and its proselytisation of                    “from each according to his a ility to each 
                                                                          seeral  third  orld  nation  states  ith                 according to his needs”, hich can  e seen 
              Political s Practical Utilit                              £und„‡an€ mar€et led economic policies                      as ˆar…’s on ustifications of perfectly 
              ne  can  also  as€  a out  the  duality  of                that only sustained the pro lems of po„                    ideal ust social arrangements. Similarly, 
               political  ersus  practical  utility  of  Sen’s           erty,  inequality,  unemployment,  lac€  of                 the ideal of communism, hich  y ˆar…’s 
              approach and hether e can argue for a                     educational opportunities and health ha¤„                   on admission is also a “real moement” 
              distinctie political utility for ust society              ards. Today, this neo„li eral consensus is                   y “transforming capitalist mode of pro„
              in an age of empire. ‘f e can argue for                    facing a crisis of legitimacy oing much to                 duction” can  e seen in his other or€s as 
                                                                                                                                            6
              such a case, then hat ould  e the feasi„                  the discredited economic agenda of glo al                   ell.  The finality of ˆar…’s “1¡¡¡ • polit„
               ility  of  any  theory  of  ustice–  n  the              poer elites facing a massie financial cri„                ical imaginary of ideal perfect ust society 
              question of gap  eteen theoretical and                     sis in the est. ‘n this conte…t, as one of                 is  e…pressed in one of his most famous 
              philosophical premises¢promises ith that                   the respected pu lic intellectuals of our                   quotes—  “communism  is  the  riddle  of 
              of practical performances in ground reali„                  time, Sen stops short of adising the impe„                  history soled, and it €nos itself to  e 
              ties at the grass roots, and ho e can                     rialist poer  loc to reform itself, and not                this solution”. 
              oercome  this  gap   eteen  academic                      to repeat its mista€es of historic rongs                      o, it is a legitimate question to as€ 
              engagements and real political actiism,                    and  inustices  to  the  orld  population.                that hy Sen does not read these ˆar…ian 
              Sen’s  solution  of  glo al  democracy  and                 Sen is soft on the question of imperialism                  te…ts as transcendental ones. Sen’s treat„
              glo al ustice mediated through UN, NGOs,                   and aoids ehemently criticising it as a                   ment of ˆar… as a thin€er interested in 
                                                                                                                                                                            š
              WO  and  media  is  unimpressie.  Sen                     system  of  inustice.  To  summarise  the                  remoing inustice is correct,   ut as e all 
              argues in faour of actiism  ut does not                   a oe three fundamental disagreements                       €no, ˆar… as also interested in esta „
              ela orate on the nature of actiism and                     ith Sen, e can say that the questions of                  lishing an ideal ust perfect society in his 
                                                                                                                                                                     ¦
              its  specific  direction  –  hether  political             antagonism, hegemony and imperialism                        ision  of  communism.   £rom  a  ˆar…ist 
              actiism in faour of an imperialist status                 are a solutely missing in his  oo€ and one                  standpoint, the critique of “transcenden„
              quo or an actiism negotiating ith the                     cannot comprehensiely understand the                       tal”  y Sen inaria ly reinforces a  our„
              imperialist poer  loc or political strug„                  notions  of  ustice  and  inustice  ithout               geois assault on the ery idea of reolution 
              gle against the ery form of imperialist                    addressing those issues.                                    since  he  is  prescri ing  that  there  is  no 
              order to transform the imperialist system                                                                               point to loo€ for a reolutionary change 
              ould ensure a relatiely ust society. At                  isreading of ar                                          ith  an  ideal  of  a  perfect  ust  society. 
               est, Sen is arguing in faour of negotiat„                 Œo do e address the gap  eteen aca„                      Žather for Sen, it is prefera le to try and 
              ing ith imperialist poer  loc  y getting                  demic philosophy and political practice,                    remoe  as  much  inustices  as  possi le 
              some  doles¢concessions  if  possi le,  and                 hich in a ay, ˆar… tried to resole the                   ithin glo al capitalism or  etter say, to 
              not  at  all  faouring  transformation  of                 issue– Sen might argue that ˆar…’s com„                     the e…tent capitalism gies that scope for 
              unust imperialist system to a radical dem„                 munism is not feasi le and ˆar… treats                      remoing inustice. Therefore, Sen’s cri„
              ocratic alternatie of ust society.                        humans  as  animals,  hile  Sen  alues                    tique of the transcendental is appended 
                 Een Sen’s o serations of US inasion                    reason and treats human rationality as an                  ith a non„critical approach to capitalism 
              to ‘raq as “mista€en” “p ¥• and American                    important tool in dealing ith  oth philo„                  as ell. This acceptance of capitalism  y 
              response to ¡¢11 “affecting hundreds of                     sophy and practice of remoing inustice.                   Sen ithout a transformatie agenda and 
              millions...in  Afghanistan”  “p  ”Ÿœ•  care„                ‘n this respect, particularly Sen’s reading                 in fact  eing critical to such a transcen„
              fully aoid using the term “imperialism”                    of ˆar… as a comparatiist than an ideal                    dental approach only ma€es him soft on 
              hich has perhaps  ecome old„fashioned                      perfect ust society thin€er is a misreading                the  issue  of  imperialism  as  e  hae 
              in  American  intellectual  circles  as  it                 of ˆar… ith a profound epistemological                     noticed earlier. 
              em arrasses the imperialist poer  loc©                     pro lem in his thesis. The framing of ˆar…                     £or Sen, the  ourgeois modernity of the 
              n the question of Tali an and ¡¢11, Sen                    among the comparatiists, more interested                   European  enlightenment  proect  is  an 
              Economic & Political Weekly   EPW  august 6, 2011  vol xlvi no 32                                                                                                          11¡
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...Notes flawed idea of justice try to point out some ontological episte mological and methodological limits in sen s ustice as himself says quoting ernard illiams disagreement maidul islam does not necessarily hae e oercome p efore one starts theorising a the questions antagonism istinguished professor o el remoing inustice has done it hegemony imperialism are aureate amartya his ould orth asing first missing treatise recent oo eistential question ne cannot taen pragmatic approach y itself that is say ho inus pondering oer enhancement tices occur eist society can comprehensiely understand remoal instead argue inustices functions specific notions imagining an priori perfect ust or poer relations here ithout addressing these identifying perfectly social arrange unust conditions ple results core issues ments institutions also certain policies loc emphasised pu lic reasoning ence constitutie part de ates for alternatie isions any therefore address thus hile focusing on pluralist character it...

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