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protein energy
carbohydrate
calcium sodium
water food protein
energy carbohydrate
calcium sodium
water food protein
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Department of Health and Ageing calcium sodium
water food protein
National Health and Medical Research Council – energy carbohydrate
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Zn water food protein
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Nutrient Reference Values for energy carbohydrate
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Australia and New Zealand water food protein
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Including Recommended Dietary Intakes calcium sodium
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Ca energy carbohydrate
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NUTRIENT REFERENCE VALUES FOR
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
INCLUDING
RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKES
ENDORSED BY THE NHMRC ON 9 SEPTEMBER 2005
© Commonwealth of Australia 2006
Paper-based publications
This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be
reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth available from
the Attorney-General's Department. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should
be addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney General's Department, Robert
Garran Offi ces, National Circuit, Canberra, ACT, 2600 or posted at: http://www.ag.gov.au/cca
ISBN Print 1864962372
Electronic documents
This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered
form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation.
Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests
for further authorisation should be directed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney
General's Department, Robert Garran Offi ces, National Circuit, Canberra, ACT, 2600 or posted at:
http://www.ag.gov.au/cca
ISBN Online 1864962437
Disclaimer
This document is a general guide. The recommendations are for healthy people and may not meet
the specifi c nutritional requirements of all individuals. They are designed to assist nutrition and health
professionals assess the dietary requirements of individuals and groups and are based on the best
information available at the date of compilation.
Copyright permission:
Permission has kindly been granted by the National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. to use sections
of the following Academy of Sciences’ publications in this document:
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium, vitamin D and fl uoride. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1997.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for thiamin, ribofl avin,
niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington DC, National
Academy Press, 1998.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes. A risk assessment model for
establishing upper intake level for nutrients. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E,
selenium and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes. Applications in dietary
assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K,
arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium
and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for energy, carbohydrate,
fi ber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids (macronutrients). Washington, DC: National
Academy Press, 2002.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for water, potassium, sodium,
chloride and sulfate. Panel on the dietary reference intakes for electrolytes and water. Washington, D.C:
National Academy Press, 2004.
To obtain details regarding NHMRC publications contact:
Email: nhmrc.publications@nhmrc.gov.au
Phone: Toll Free 1800 020 103 Extension 9520
Internet: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au
CONTENTS
PREFACE VII
INTRODUCTION 1
What are nutrient reference values 1
The nutrients reviewed 4
Reference body weights 5
Extrapolation processes 6
Implications 6
DIETARY ENERGY 13
MACRONUTRIENTS AND WATER 27
Protein 29
Fats: Total fat and fatty acids 35
Carbohydrate 43
Dietary Fibre 45
Water 51
VITAMINS 57
Vitamin A 59
Thiamin 67
Ribofl avin 73
Niacin 79
Vitamin B 85
6
Vitamin B 91
12
Folate 97
Pantothenic acid 105
Biotin 109
Choline 113
Vitamin C 119
Vitamin D 127
Vitamin E 139
Vitamin K 147
MINERALS 153
Calcium 155
Chromium 165
Copper 171
Fluoride 175
Iodine 181
Iron 187
Magnesium 193
Manganese 201
Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand III
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