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Zoo Nutrition
News July 1999
Contents
L
IA
PEC
S UE 1
S
IS
09
Nutrition
Research in
Zoo Animals
14
Starting a
Nutrition Service
23
Central Kitchen
System
30
Transferring
Birds to Pellet
Feeding
32
Feeding
Enrichment
in Bears
First European Zoo Nutrition Meeting
From the Organising Committee
Dear member,
Providing a good diet, which fulfils as many aspects of a natural diet as possible, is an essential
consideration in improving the welfare of zoo animals. Although some research has already been
conducted in the field of zoo animal nutrition and more is ongoing, there is still a great need for
further investigation. Exchange of ideas, information and results is vital when developing zoo
animal diets.
On this premise we began to organise a conference focussed on zoo animal nutrition that
eventually became the First European Zoo Nutrition Meeting, held in Rotterdam, the
Netherlands from 9-11 January 1999. The conference was organised by the EAZA Research
Committee, the Veterinary Faculty of Utrecht and Rotterdam Zoo.
When Jean-Michel Hatt (Veterinary Faculty of Zurich) and I started planning the conference at
the beginning of 1998, we anticipated and would have been more than happy to welcome approximately 80 participants.
So we were surprised and extremely pleased to have more then 180 delegates from 29 countries attend the conference.
Most were European, however participants also travelled from the Republic of China, New Zealand, Bahrain, USA and
Canada. Congress participants represented not only zoos but also the zoo animal food industry and nutrition research
institutes.
We never expected such a great response to this meeting. It can only mean that zoo animal nutrition is indeed an
important issue within the zoo world. Steps should be taken to provide continued means of discussing and disseminating
EAZA News July 1999information relating to zoo animal nutrition. An open session was held at the end of the conference and a questionnaire
02 was sent to all participants, asking how this should be done in Europe in the future.
All the conference participants received a set of abstracts from all of the presented talks and posters, more than 40 in
total. More information on how to obtain a copy of the abstracts can be found on page 20 of this EAZA News special
Nutrition on Zoo Nutrition. All conference participants will, free of charge, receive a copy of the conference proceedings to be
Zoo published at the end of this year. Details of how to obtain the conference proceedings can also be found on page 20.
on Some talks contained general information about zoo animal nutrition, which will be useful for all zoos. Therefore we
ssue decided to produce this special EAZA News focussing on the nutrition conference. Perhaps the most appropriate way
i
to start this EAZA News special on Zoo Nutrition is with a current review of the status of zoo nutrition in Europe.
Following that as a contrast, and perhaps a model of how European zoos should coordinate their nutrition information
Special
and research, the role of Nutrition Advisory Group of AZA is described. Throughout this newsletter and at every
nutrition meeting there is always a call for more research. The article Zoo Nutrition Research describes the particular
problems of the zoo nutritionist when designing research protocols. Two pages are devoted the Zootrition software,
what is sure to become an essential tool for every zoo nutritionist. Basic guidelines on how to establish a zoo nutrition
service follow. Information about the conference programme can be found in the centre of this issue.
The idea of a centralised kitchen is common in North American zoos but unusual in Europe. Emmen Zoo, however, uses
this system and describes how it works. A related article follows on the importance of food safety, an often overlooked
issue. The importance of communication between zoo nutritionist and pathologist also receives attention in this EAZA
News special on Zoo Nutrition. Commonly observed diet-related illnesses in birds are described, followed by an article
with methods and tips on how to transfer birds to pellet feed. The final article relates to food presentation, another very
important consideration when designing zoo diets.
Many thanks to the EAZA Executive Office for their assistance and especially to Andrea Fidgett for English editing and
Sofie van Wees, guest editor of this issue. Of course, it would not have been possible to publish this newsletter without
the assistance of our sponsors, information about whom is also displayed in this special issue.
I sincerely hope that this EAZA News special on Zoo Nutrition contributes to improving zoo animal nutrition – because
our animals deserve better diets!
Joeke Nijboer
Nutritionist Rotterdam Zoo
Member of Organising Committee of the First European Zoo Nutrition Conference
Contents
Cover 01 Feeding harbour seals at Ouwehands Zoo, Rhenen, COLOPHON
The Netherlands
From the Organising Committee 02 EAZA News is the
quarterly magazine of
Contents 03 The European
Association of Zoos
Current Status in Europe 04 Nutrition in zoos, research institutions and food industry and Aquaria (EAZA)
Current Status in Europe 05 This special issue of
Nutrition Advisory Group The formation of the NAG for the American Zoo and EAZA News is dedicated
06 Aquarium Association to Zoo Nutrition and was
Nutrition Advisory Group compiled as a result of
07 the First European Zoo
Z00 Nutrition Research Some considerations on the design of research projects Nutrition Meeting
09 held in Rotterdam,
Z00 Nutrition Research The Netherlands,
10 in January 1999.
Z00 Nutrition Research 11
Editorial Staff EAZA News July 1999
Zootrition 12 Windows compatible dietary management software Sofıe van Wees
Andrea Fidgett
Zootrition 13 Joeke Nijboer
Mick Kurtz
Z00 Nutrition Service 14 How to build a zoo nutrition service? Koen Brouwer
Z00 Nutrition Service 15 EAZA Executive Offıce
c/o Amsterdam Zoo,
Z00 Nutrition Service 16 PO Box 20164, 03
1000 HD Amsterdam,
NAGMeeting 17 Third Meeting of the Nutritional Advisory Group The Netherlands Special
e-mail:
European Nutrition Meeting Conference Programme
18 nvdzoos@nvdzoos.nl issue
Membership services:
European Nutrition Meeting 19 tel: +31 20 5200753 on
Abstract & Proceedings fax: +31 20 5200754 Zoo
20 Collection Coordination & Nutrition
Internet Conservation:
21 tel: +31 20 5200750
Central Kitchen Central animal nutrition kitchen in Emmen Zoo fax: +31 20 5200752
23
Safety and Quality Food safety and food quality assurance in the zoo Photography
24 Rob Doolaard - IZP
Safety and Quality 25 rob.doolaard-izp@wxs.nl
(unless otherwise
Pathology 27 What can the nutritionist do with the results of the mentioned)
pathologist?
Bird Nutrition 28 Some diet related problems seen in birds Design
Jantijn van den Heuvel,
Bird Nutrition 29 Made, The Netherlands
Pellet Bird Feeding 30 Transferring birds to pellet feeding Printing
Drukkerij Van den Dool,
Pellet Bird Feeding 31 Sliedrecht,
The Netherlands
Feeding Enrichment 32 A way of stimulating natural behaviour of captive bears?
The views expressed in
Feeding Enrichment 33 this newsletter are not
Closing Remarks necessarily those of the
35 European Association
Who is Who in EAZA of Zoos and Aquaria.
36
Printed on paper bleached
without chlorine
Items may not be reproduced without the permission of the EAZA Executive Offıce.
Current status in Europe
i
Nutrition in zoos, research institutions and food industry
by Sofıe van Wees, Rotterdam Zoo, The Netherlands
To compile an inventory of the current status of zoo nutrition
in Europe a survey was conducted among European zoos, Employment Nutritional
research institutions and food companies, the purpose being 20% of zoo animal research 28%
to make recommendations for improving zoo nutrition in nutritionists in zoos
Europe and to aid better communication between zoos,
research and food industry. Questionnaires were sent to SHARPLY CONTRAST
177 zoos, 64 research institutions and 48 food manufacturers
over 30 European countries in total. Almost 50% of the Nutritional Need for
zoo-questionnaires, 11% of the research-questionnaires and 75% problems and additional 83%
13% of the food industry-questionnaires were returned. diseases research
The participants were asked to respond to a variety of questions
that can be assigned to fıve categories: Communication
- General questions Many zoos record their diet information and that data is
EAZA News July 1999- General aspects of zoo nutrition readily accessible. However the actual exchange of data lags
- Specific problems involving zoo nutrition behind. An explanation for why the information exchange
04 - Research relating to zoo nutrition does not take place lies in the method of recording diets.
- Information and communication Most of the time, diet notes are in paper form only, which
In this article the most important survey results are presented. restricts their distribution. Computerised diet notes in a
Nutrition standardised format would be much easier to exchange,
Zoo An animal nutritionist is employed in only 20% of the especially now that many zoos have access to computers
on European zoos. Partly due to the lack of nutritional knowledge, and to the Internet in particular. In addition to agreeing on
issue but probably also because of a lack of facilities, the percentage a standardised format, in order that nutrition software could
of European zoos which conduct nutritional research is low be synchronised across many countries it is possible that
Special (28%). Since these percentages have changed little since a newsgroups and regular meetings would also promote
similar study was conducted five years ago, it is unrealistic to communication. The main objective in establishing these
expect the situation will change in the near future. lines of communication would be to prevent people from
‘re-inventing the wheel’ – resources are often already
On the other hand, approximately three-quarters of the limited. Therefore when a zoo in Spain for instance,
participating zoos think that some diseases may have been has problems with a certain diet, it is often more simple
caused by inadequate diets. A logical deduction from this and efficient to ask colleagues around Europe what their
point is that many zoos will also agree that additional experiences are with the diet in question, than to try to
research is needed in the field of zoo animal nutrition. find the answers all by yourself.
Indeed, the majority of zoos surveyed think that more
research is still required. This perceived need for additional
research increases (from 69% to 83%) in comparison with amount Registration data of diets
the survey conducted five years ago. of zoos
100%
The low percentages of animal nutritionists employed and 80% 68%
nutritional research conducted contrast sharply with the high 60%
occurrence of diet-related diseases and the demand for 40%
additional research. However, the responses from zoos, 20% 13% 19%
research institutions and food industry provided a variety 0%
of potential answers to solve the conflict. no yes, in writen form yes, in the computer
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