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INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Role of Agriculture in Indian Economy
3. Nature of Indian Agriculture
4. National Policy for Farmers
5. Agriculture Infrastructure
6. Technological Factors
7. Agricultural Problems of India and Possible Solutions.
a. Problems related to Availability of Natural Resources
b. Problems Related to Marketing of Produce
c. Problems Related to Indebtedness of Farmers.
8. Cropping Pattern in India
a. What is Cropping Pattern?
b. Types of cropping seasons
c. Major Crops of India
d. Factors influencing cropping pattern
9. Cropping System and Related Practices
10. Types of Cropping System
a. Mono-Cropping
b. Multiple-cropping
i. Inter Cropping
ii. Mixed Cropping
iii. Row intercropping
iv. Sequence Cropping
v. Relay Cropping
vi. Ratoon Cropping
11. Green Revolution
a. Pillars of Green Revolution
b. Impact of Green Revolution
c. Problems with Green Revolution
12. Evergreen Revolution
13. Conclusion
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Page 2 of 31
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and many other desired products by the
cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). Agriculture’s primary
role is that it gives food to the people, provides raw material for industry, employment to a large
number of people, capital for agrarian development, surpluses for national economy if practised quite
efficiently.
For maximising gains from agriculture, proper planning from the levels of crop selection to selling the
produce in the market are essential.
Crop Selection
Credit, Seeds, Irrigation,
Fertilizers,
Insurance Pesticides
Farming Harvesting Storage
Marketing Value Addition
Transport Mandis, e-NAM Food Processing
Industry
Figure: Agriculture Processes
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Page 3 of 31
National Policy for Farmers, 2007
Government of India launched National Policy for Farmers, 2007, to deal with the shortcomings of
National Agricultural policy, 2000. Following are the major goals of it:-
Major Goals
1. To improve economic viability of farming by substantially increasing the net income of
farmers and to ensure that agricultural progress is measured by advances made in this
income.
2. To protect and improve land, water, biodiversity and genetic resources essential for sustained
increase in the productivity, profitability and stability of major farming systems by creating an
economic stake in conservation.
3. To develop support services including provision for seeds, irrigation, power, machinery and
implements, fertilizers and credit at affordable prices in adequate quantity for farmers.
4. To strengthen the biosecurity of crops, farm animals, fish and forest trees for safeguarding
the livelihood and income security of farmer families and the health and trade security of the
nation.
5. To provide appropriate price and trade policy mechanisms to enhance farmers’ income.
6. To provide for suitable risk management measures for adequate and timely compensation to
farmers.
7. To make India a global outsourcing hub in the production and supply of the inputs needed for
sustainable agriculture, products and processes developed through biotechnology and
Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
Role of Agriculture in Indian Economy
● Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian Economy. According to the Economic Survey
(2017-2018), Indian agriculture sector accounts for 17-18 percent of India's gross domestic
product (GDP) and provides employment to around 50% of the country’s workforce. Agriculture
sector in India is therefore rightly called as backbone of Indian economy.
● Agriculture and allied sector has a critical role in ensuring food security, reducing poverty and
sustaining growth in India.
● The role of Agriculture in Indian economy will be more clear from the following facts: -
● Share in national income: From the very beginning, agriculture is contributing a major
portion to our national income. In 1950-51, agriculture and allied activities contributed
about 59 per cent of the total national income. Although the share of agriculture has
been declining gradually with the growth of other sectors but the share still remained
very high as compared to that of the developed countries of the world.
● Agriculture plays vital role in generating employment: In India over two-thirds of our
working population are engaged directly on agriculture and also similarly depend for
their livelihood.
● Supply of raw material to agro-based industries: Agriculture in India has been the major
source of supply of raw materials to various important industries of our country. Cotton
and jute textiles, sugar, vanaspati, edible oil plantation industries (viz. tea, coffee,
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Page 4 of 31
rubber) and agro-based cottage industries are also regularly collecting their raw
materials directly from agriculture.
● Source of food security to the expanding population: Agriculture is the only major
source of food supply as it is providing regular supply of food to such a huge size of
population of our country. It has been estimated that about 60 percent of household
consumption is met by agricultural products.
● Market for industrial products: Since more than two thirds of the population of
developing countries like India lives in rural areas, increases rural purchasing power is a
valuable stimulus to industrial development.
● Importance in international trade: For a number of years the three agriculture based
exports of India- cotton, jute and tea accounted for more than 50 percent of export
earnings of the country.
General problems linked to Indian Agriculture
At the time of Independence India’s agriculture was an economic laggard. Its backwardness was
reflected in the extremely low per hectare and per worker productivity.
1. Feudal relation of production: Before Independence, three types of land tenure system were
prevalent in the country- zamindari, mahalwari and ryotwari. Around 57 percent area were
under zamindari system, 38 percent in ryotwari and 5 percent in mahalwari. After Independence
all these systems were abolished.
2. Usurious capital and rural indebtedness: The small and marginal farmers continue to depend on
moneylenders for fulfilling their credit requirements to a large extent and thus become victims
of exploitation.
3. Outmoded farming techniques: Most of the Indian farmer depend upon outdated farming
techniques and this lead to the “subsistence farming”.
4. Fluctuations and instability in crop output: The fluctuation in crop output is very much visible in
India, as Indian agriculture is very much dependent on monsoon.
5. Labour market dualism: Due to the excessive pressure of population on land, wages in
agricultural sector tend to be considerably lower as compared to the modern industrial sector.
6. Climate Dependence: Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall since only
half of the cropped area has irrigation facilities.
Agriculture Infrastructure
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. For sustained improvement in agricultural
productivity, sound infrastructure facilities are sine qua non.
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