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The Crown Court Compendium …………………………….. Part I: Jury and Trial Management and Summing Up May 2016 Maddison – Ormerod – Tonking – Wait Crown Court Compendium Part I May 2016 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1-1 1-1 Style and abbreviations ................................................................................. 1-1 1-2 Foreword ....................................................................................................... 1-2 1-3 The purpose and structure of the Compendium ............................................ 1-4 1-4 Timing of directions of law ............................................................................. 1-6 1-5 Written directions and Routes to Verdict ....................................................... 1-7 1-6 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 1-10 2. JURY MANAGEMENT .................................................................................. 2-1 2-1 Empanelling the jury ...................................................................................... 2-1 2-2 Challenge and stand down of a juror ............................................................. 2-9 2-3 Alternate jurors ............................................................................................ 2-11 2-4 Discharging a juror or jury ........................................................................... 2-13 2-5 Conducting a view ....................................................................................... 2-17 3. TRIAL MANAGEMENT .................................................................................. 3-1 3-1 Opening remarks to the jury .......................................................................... 3-1 3-2 Defendant unfit to plead and/or stand trial ..................................................... 3-5 3-3 Trial in the absence of the defendant ............................................................ 3-8 3-4 Trial of one defendant in the absence of another/others ............................. 3-11 3-5 Defendant in person .................................................................................... 3-13 3-6 Special measures ........................................................................................ 3-17 3-7 Intermediaries .............................................................................................. 3-21 3-8 Anonymous witnesses ................................................................................. 3-24 3-9 Interpreters .................................................................................................. 3-26 4. FUNCTIONS OF JUDGE AND JURY ............................................................ 4-1 5. BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF ...................................................... 5-1 6. THE INDICTMENT ........................................................................................ 6-1 6-1 Separate consideration of counts and/or defendants .................................... 6-1 6-2 Multiple incident and specimen counts .......................................................... 6-3 6-3 Alternative Verdicts ........................................................................................ 6-9 6-4 Agreement on the factual basis of the verdict .............................................. 6-12 7. CRIMINAL LIABILITY .................................................................................... 7-1 7-1 Child defendants ............................................................................................ 7-1 Judicial College i Crown Court Compendium Part I May 2016 7-2 Joint participation in an offence ..................................................................... 7-3 7-3 Joint principals ............................................................................................... 7-4 7-4 Accessory/secondary liability ......................................................................... 7-6 7-5 The abolition of parasitic accessory/joint enterprise .................................... 7-17 7-6 Withdrawal from joint criminal activity .......................................................... 7-18 7-7 Conspiracy .................................................................................................. 7-22 7-8 Criminal attempts ......................................................................................... 7-26 7-9 Causation .................................................................................................... 7-28 8. STATES OF MIND ........................................................................................ 8-1 8-1 Intention ......................................................................................................... 8-1 8-2 Recklessness ................................................................................................ 8-6 8-3 Malice ............................................................................................................ 8-8 8-4 Wilfulness .................................................................................................... 8-10 8-5 Knowledge, belief and suspicion ................................................................. 8-12 8-6 Dishonesty ................................................................................................... 8-17 8-7 Mistake ........................................................................................................ 8-20 9. INTOXICATION ............................................................................................. 9-1 10. EVIDENCE – GENERAL ............................................................................. 10-1 10-1 Circumstantial evidence ............................................................................ 10-1 10-2 Corroboration and the special need for caution ......................................... 10-4 10-3 Expert evidence ......................................................................................... 10-9 10-4 Delay ....................................................................................................... 10-13 10-5 Evidence of children and vulnerable witnesses ....................................... 10-17 11. GOOD CHARACTER OF A DEFENDANT .................................................. 11-1 12. BAD CHARACTER ...................................................................................... 12-1 12-1 General Introduction .................................................................................. 12-1 12-2 Directions applicable to all CJA s.101(1) “gateways” ................................. 12-3 12-3 S.101(1)(a) – Agreed evidence.................................................................. 12-4 12-4 S.101(1)(b) – Evidence of bad character adduced by the defendant......... 12-6 12-5 S.101(1)(c) - Important explanatory evidence ........................................... 12-8 12-6 S.101(1)(d) – Relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution ......................................................................................... 12-10 12-7 S.101(1)(e) – Substantial probative value in relation to an important matter in issue between the defendant [D1] and a co-defendant [D2] ............................ 12-15 12-8 S.101(1)(f) - Evidence to correct a false impression given by the defendant about himself ................................................................................................... 12-19 Judicial College ii Crown Court Compendium Part I May 2016 12-9 S.101(1)(g) - Defendant’s attack on another person’s character ............. 12-21 12-10 S.100 – Non-defendant’s bad character ................................................ 12-23 13. CROSS ADMISSIBILITY ............................................................................. 13-1 14. HEARSAY ................................................................................................... 14-1 14-1 Hearsay - general ...................................................................................... 14-1 14-2 Hearsay - Witness absent - s.116 .............................................................. 14-3 14-3 Hearsay - Business documents – s. 117 ................................................... 14-6 14-4 Hearsay - Introduced by agreement - s.114(1)(c) ...................................... 14-8 14-5 Hearsay – Interests of justice – s.114(1)(d) ............................................. 14-10 14-6 Hearsay – Previous inconsistent statement - s.119 ................................. 14-11 14-7 Hearsay – Previous inconsistent statement of hostile witness - s.119 ..... 14-13 14-8 Hearsay - Statement to refresh memory - ss.139 and 120(3) .................. 14-15 14-9 Hearsay – Statement to rebut an allegation of recent fabrication - s.120(2) ......................................................................................................................... 14-17 14-10 Hearsay – Statement as evidence of person, object or place - s.120 (4) and (5) .................................................................................................................... 14-19 14-11 Hearsay – Statement of matters now forgotten - s.120 (4) and (6) ........ 14-21 14-12 Hearsay - Statement of complaint - s.120 (4), (7) and (8) ..................... 14-23 14-13 Hearsay – Res Gestae – Spontaneous Exclamation - s.118(1) and (4) 14-26 14-14 Hearsay – Statements in furtherance of a common enterprise - s.118(1) and (7) .................................................................................................................... 14-28 14-15 Hearsay – Out of court statements made by one defendant (D1) for or against another (D2) ........................................................................................ 14-31 14-16 Hearsay – Multiple hearsay - s.121 ....................................................... 14-36 15. IDENTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 15-1 15-1 Visual identification by a witness/witnesses .............................................. 15-1 15-2 Identification from visual images: comparison by the jury .......................... 15-6 15-3 Identification from visual images by a witness who knows D and so is able to recognise him .................................................................................................. 15-11 15-4 Identification from visual images by a witness who has special knowledge ......................................................................................................................... 15-14 15-5 Identification by facial mapping ................................................................ 15-18 15-6 Finger prints and other impressions ........................................................ 15-22 A. Fingerprints ................................................................................................. 15-22 B. Footwear impressions ................................................................................. 15-25 C. Ear impressions .......................................................................................... 15-27 15-7 Identification by voice .............................................................................. 15-29 Judicial College iii
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