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ncert solutions for class 9 social science economics chapter 3 poverty as a challenge question 1 describe how the poverty line is estimated in india ans in india poverty line ...

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                                           NCERT Solutions for Class 9 
                                             Social Science (Economics) 
                                       Chapter 3 – Poverty as a Challenge 
                                                                   
                 Question 
                  
                 1. Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India? 
                 Ans: In India, poverty line is measured by considering the following factors: 
                     ●  Minimum level of food requirement, 
                     ●  Clothing 
                     ●  Footwear 
                     ●  Fuel and Light 
                     ●  Education 
                     ●  Medical requirement 
                 These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices. The formula for food 
                 requirement was calculated by the desired calorie requirement. For example, 
                 in 1999 – 2000, the poverty line in the rural areas was fixed at Rs.328 per 
                 capita per month and in urban areas, it was Rs.454. People who were earning 
                 more than this amount were considered above the poverty line and those who 
                 were  earning  less  than  this  amount  were  considered  as  living  below  the 
                 poverty line. 
                  
                 2. Do you think that the present methodology of poverty estimation is 
                 appropriate?  
                 Ans: The methodology of poverty estimation that we are using now, takes 
                 only one factor in view and that is the economic factor. It considers about a 
                 “minimum” subsistence level of living instead of “reasonable” level of living. 
                 Poverty is no longer confined to economic factors alone. Few persons may 
                 have been able to feed themselves but if they are without education, without 
                 shelter,  without  health-care,  without  job  security,  without  self-confidence, 
                 without  social  equality,  they  will  be  considered  poor.  If  poverty  is  to  be 
                 removed and the people are to be brought above the poverty line, we need to 
                 increase their income also, we have to provide the people with education, 
                 shelter, health-care, job-security, respect. 
                  
                 3. Describe poverty trends in India since 1973? 
                 Ans: As per the reports, there was a substantial decline in poverty ratio in 
                 India from 55% in 1973 to 36% in 1993. There was further decline from 36% 
                 in 1993 to 26% in 2000. But, the number of poor people remained stable, that 
                 Class IX Social Science                  www.vedantu.com                                           1 
                                                                                 
           is,  320  million  from  1973  to  1993,  there  was  significant  decrease  in  the 
           number of poor people to  about  260  million  till  2000.  The  poverty  ratio 
           always remained higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. 
            
           4. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India? 
           Ans: The major reasons for poverty in India are: 
              ●  Colonial  Rule:  India  went  through  a  phase  where  a  low  economic 
                 development was seen under the British colonial administration. The 
                 policies  of  the  colonial  government  destroyed  the  traditional 
                 handicrafts and discouraged development of industries such as textiles. 
              ●  High growth in Population: The rapid growth of the poor in terms of 
                 population,  was  considered  one  of  the  major  causes  behind  Indian 
                 poverty. Poor people were illiterate and they used to have a traditional 
                 outlook. Hence, they are ignorant of birth control measures. Moreover, 
                 they  consider  male  children  as  an  asset,  since  they  are  a  source  of 
                 income and a source of security during old age. 
              ●  Low  Rate  of  Economic  Development:  The  actual  rate  of  economic 
                 development growth in India has always been below the required level. 
                 It  has  been  around  4%  since  1951,  which  resulted  in  less  job 
                 opportunities. This was the reason for a high growth rate of population. 
              ●  Unemployment:   The    high  degree   of  unemployment    and 
                 underemployment  is  another  important  factor  that  can  be  held 
                 responsible for the incidence of high poverty in India. The job seekers 
                 are  increasing  at  a  higher  rate  than  the  increase  in  the  employment 
                 opportunities. 
              ●  Unequal Distribution: The national income of India has been growing 
                 since  1951,  since  it  was  not  properly  distributed  among  different 
                 sections  of  the  society.  A  large  proportion  of  increased  income  has 
                 been pocketed by the rich, so they become richer. The majority of other 
                 sections of people have to live below the poverty line. 
              ●  Social Factors: There are many social factors, such as, caste system, 
                 joint  family  system,  religious  faiths,  law  of  inheritance,  etc.,  which 
                 block the path of economic development. 
            
           5. Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to 
           poverty in India. 
           Ans: Social and Economic Groups that are vulnerable to Poverty: 
              ●  Scheduled caste households 
              ●  Rural agricultural labour households 
              ●  Urban casual labour households 
           Class IX Social Science      www.vedantu.com                        2 
                                                                                                                       
                 6. Give an account of interstate disparities of poverty in India. 
                 Ans: The ratio of the poor section of people will not be the same in each and 
                 every state. There has been a significant decrease in poverty in every state 
                 since the early seventies, the success rate of reducing poverty varies from 
                 state to state. Orissa and Bihar are among the two poorest states which are 
                 having poverty ratios of 47 and 43 per cent respectively, both urban and rural 
                 poverty are high in these states. States like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, 
                 Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal had shown 
                 decline  in  poverty.  Focus  on  Public  distribution  of  food  grains,  human 
                 resource  development,  land  reform  measures  and  high  agricultural 
                 development are some of the factors responsible for the decline in poverty in 
                 these states. 
                  
                 7. Describe global poverty trends. 
                 Ans: A specific portion of people in developing countries living on less than 
                 $1 per day has decreased from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001. There has been a 
                 substantial  deduction  in  global  poverty  since  the  1980’s.  Due  to  rapid 
                 economic growth and massive investment in human resource development, 
                 poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries, the 
                 reduction in poverty is marked with great regional differences. 
                 In  South  Asian  countries,  that  is,  in  India,  Pakistan,  Sri  Lanka,  Nepal, 
                 Bangladesh, Bhutan, there is not rapid reduction. The ratio of poverty in Latin 
                 America has remained the same, in sub-Saharan Africa, poverty has increased 
                 from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001. As per the world development report of 
                 2001, countries such as Nigeria, Bangladesh and India still have a greater 
                 percentage of people living under poverty. 
                  
                 8. Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation? 
                 Ans: One of the major objectives of Indian developmental strategy is the 
                 removal of poverty. The government’s strategy is based on: 
                 (1)Promotion of Economic Growth 
                 (2)Targeted Anti-poverty Programmes 
                 Some of the anti-poverty programmes launched by government at present are: 
                    ● Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY):  
                       It was launched in 1993, it aims to create self-employment opportunities 
                       for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. 
                     
                    ● Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY):  
                       It was launched in 2000, it aimed to create and improve basic services  
                       such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking  
                 Class IX Social Science                  www.vedantu.com                                           3 
                                                                                                                       
                       water and rural electrification. 
                     
                    ● National Food for Work programme (NFWP):  
                       It  was  launched  in  2004,  for  almost  150  backward  districts  of  the 
                       country, this programme is for all the rural poor who are in desperate 
                       need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work. 
                     
                    ● National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA):  
                       In  September  2005,  this  act  was  passed.  This  act  assures  100  days 
                       employment  every  year  to  each  and  every  rural  household  in  200 
                       districts. This was later extended to 600 districts and also 1/3rd proposed 
                       jobs were reserved for the women. 
                  
                 9. Answer the following questions briefly 
                    (i) What do you understand about human poverty? 
                    Ans: Human poverty is a concept which tells us the situation that goes 
                    beyond  the  limited  view  of  poverty  as  lack  of  income.  The  denial  of 
                    political, social and economic opportunities for an individual so that he can 
                    maintain a “reasonable” standard of living. Major components of human 
                    poverty are - Illiteracy, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to proper 
                    healthcare and sanitation, caste and gender discrimination, etc. 
                     
                    (ii) Who are the poorest of the poor? 
                    Ans: Women, children, particularly the girl child and elder people in a poor 
                    family  were  regarded  as  the  poorest  of  the  poor,  since  they  are 
                    systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family. 
                     
                    (iii) What  are  the  main  features  of  the  National  Rural  Employment 
                       Guarantee Act 2005? 
                    Ans:  Main  features  of  the  National  Rural  Employment  Guarantee  Act 
                    2005: 
                    • The  NREG Act assures 100 days employment every year to each and 
                     every household. 
                    • Initially it covered 200 districts, the Act was extended to 600 districts later 
                     on. 
                    • 1/3rd of the jobs are reserved for women. 
                     
                  
                 Class IX Social Science                  www.vedantu.com                                           4 
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...Ncert solutions for class social science economics chapter poverty as a challenge question describe how the line is estimated in india ans measured by considering following factors minimum level of food requirement clothing footwear fuel and light education medical these physical quantities are multiplied their prices formula was calculated desired calorie example rural areas fixed at rs per capita month urban it people who were earning more than this amount considered above those less living below do you think that present methodology estimation appropriate we using now takes only one factor view economic considers about subsistence instead reasonable no longer confined to alone few persons may have been able feed themselves but if they without shelter health care job security self confidence equality will be poor removed brought need increase income also provide with respect trends since reports there substantial decline ratio from further number remained stable ix www vedantu com mi...

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