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webology issn 1735 188x volume 19 number 2 2022 a study on world university rankings with the focus on impact of research citation and international outlook indicators 1 2 3 ...

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             Webology (ISSN: 1735-188X) 
             Volume 19, Number 2, 2022 
              
                                        
                                        
             A Study On World University Rankings - With The 
                 Focus On Impact Of Research, Citation And 
                       International Outlook Indicators 
                                        
                                        
                                        
                          1           2         3          4 
                  Florim Isufi , Mimoza Dushi* , Ardian Isufi , Ferat Krasniqi , 
                                   Alber Berila5 
             
                1Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematical and 
                        Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Kosovo.  
                                         
                2Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematical and 
                        Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Kosovo.  
                                         
                3Faculty of Contemporary Sciences and Technologies, South East European 
                             Univerity Tetova, North Macedonia.  
                                         
              4Asistant, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematical 
                       and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Kosovo.  
                                      
                    5Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural 
                           Sciences, University of Prishtina, Kosovo.   
                                         
              
            Abstract  
            The  university  is  a  place  that  elevates  and  defines  the  future  path  of  the  career. 
            Choosing  a  university  for  further  studies  is  one  of  the  life  challenges  that  every 
            prospective student faces, especially when not all prospective students have the same 
            preferences  when  it  comes  to  studies,  but  also  not  all  universities  offer  the  same 
            quality of studies and research. To be able to help the prospective students in this 
            field, different ranking platforms are available to them, whose main aim is to do a 
            ranking of world universities according to specific indicators. In this paper we will 
            analyze the distribution of best ranking universities worldwide according to the World 
            University Ranking by Times Higher Education with the focus on the impact of the 
            following three indicators: research, citations, and international students. 
             
            Keywords University, ranking, international students, research, The world university 
            ranking.  
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                       Webology (ISSN: 1735-188X) 
                       Volume 19, Number 2, 2022 
                        
                     Introduction 
                     Recent interest  towards  university  rankings  has  led  to  the  development  of  several 
                     ranking systems at national and global levels. Global ranking systems tend to rely on 
                     internationally accessible bibliometric databases and reputation surveys to develop 
                     league tables at a global level (Çakir et al, 2015).People both criticize and applaud 
                     global university rankings. While there is disagreement on which data, methodology 
                     and interpretations are the most robust, many observers believe that global university 
                     rankings are here to stay. With students and academics facing greater options and 
                     opportunities, the existence of these rankings has heightened competition the world 
                     over  and  governments  are  now  paying  closer  attention,  even  utilizing  rankings  to 
                     determine policies (Frenken et al, 2017). Moreover, the globalization of the higher 
                     education sector has contributed to an increase in competition between universities, 
                     such as that for students (including international students who are often called “cash 
                     cows,”  since  they  generally  pay  significantly  higher  tuition  and  fees  (Loyola-
                     Gonzalez at al, 2020), thus making these publications highly demanded by respective 
                     stakeholders. 
                      
                     Considering  the  need  and  importance  of  such  a  ranking  lists,  different  global 
                     university ranking platforms publish their lists annually by taking into account their 
                     respective factors. The most well known are: 
                         •   Times  Higher  Education  World  University  Rankings  (THE),  published 
                             annually since 2004 and since 2010 in partnership with Thomson Reuters. 
                         •   Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), published annually since 
                             2003 by Institute of Higher Education. 
                         •   QS  World  University  Rankings  (Quacquarelli  Symonds,  QS),  published 
                             annually since 2004 by The Quacquarelli Symonds. 
                         •   CWTS Leiden Ranking), published by Centre for Science and Technology 
                             Studies, since 2011. 
                      
                     In this paper for the purpose of analyzing the distribution of best ranking universities 
                     worldwide we use the Times Higher Education World University Rankings (WUR, 
                     2021) dataset. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings include more 
                     than 1,500 universities across 93 countries and regions, making them the largest and 
                     most diverse university rankings to date (WUR, 2021).  
                      
                     Universities can be excluded from the World University Rankings if they do not teach 
                     undergraduates, or if their research output amounted to fewer than 1,000 relevant 
                     publications between 2015 and 2019 (with a minimum of 150 a year). Universities 
                     can also be excluded if 80 per cent or more of their research output is exclusively in 
                     one of our 11 subject areas (WUR, 2021).  
                      
                     According to the World University Rank in 2021 (WUR, 2021), the ranking is based 
                     on  thirteen  performance  indicators  that  measure  an  institution’s  performance  in: 
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                    Webology (ISSN: 1735-188X) 
                    Volume 19, Number 2, 2022 
                     
                   teaching (with 30%), research (with 30%), citations (with 30 %), international outlook 
                   (with 7.5 %) and industry income (with 2.5%). Each of this group according to the 
                   same source is comprised of specific number of indicators and their weight, where the 
                   sum of weights of each indicator equals  the  weight  of  the  group  in  ranking  list. 
                   Teaching or the learning environment, consist of reputation survey, staff to student 
                   ratio,  doctorate  to  bachelor  ratio,  doctorates  awarded  to  academic  staff  ratio  and 
                   institutional  income.  Research consists of reputation survey, Research income and 
                   research  productivity.  Citations  examines  the  average  number  of  times  a  work  is 
                   cited.  International  outlook  is  combination  of  proportion  of  international  students, 
                   proportion of international staff and international collaboration. 
                    
                         Performance indications
                         Industy Income
                    International Outlook
                               Citation
                              Research
                              Teaching
                                       0     10    20    30    40    
                   Figure 1 The World University Rankings, performance indicator groupings, and 
                   their weight in general ranking 
                    
                   Having  a  better  position  in  the  world  university  rankings  can  also  increase  the 
                   attractiveness  of  the  universities  to  funding  agencies,  prospective  researchers  and 
                   faculty members, and other universities seeking to collaborate on both students and 
                   research exchange, which consequently increase their research performance (Loyola-
                   Gonzalez at al, 2020).  
                    
                   Many countries, developed as well as developing, have designed policies and study 
                   programs to attract talented people as students, temporary workers and immigrants 
                   (Kuptish  and  Pang,  2006).  International  students  have  become  an  increasingly 
                   important  research  object  –  not  only  on  the  basis  of  the  overall  expansion  and 
                   importance of international students in higher education and in national economic 
                   policies, but also since they constitute a strategic research object for understanding the 
                   global landscape of higher education (Borjesön, 2018). For the international outlook, 
                   THE  ranking  considers  the  ability  of  a  university  to  attract  undergraduates, 
                   postgraduates and faculty from all over the globe as key to its success. 
                   
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                       Webology (ISSN: 1735-188X) 
                       Volume 19, Number 2, 2022 
                        
                     Citations in other hand are a very important factor in the ranking. According to the 
                     World University Rank (WUR, 2021) the citations help to show us how much each 
                     university is contributing to the sum of human knowledge: they tell us whose research 
                     has  stood  out,  has  been  picked  up  and  built  on  by  other  scholars  and,  most 
                     importantly, has been shared around the global scholarly community to expand the 
                     boundaries of our understanding, irrespective of discipline. The data in THE dataset 
                     consists  of  more  than  24,000  academic  journals  indexed  by  Elsevier’s  Scopus 
                     database and all other indexed publications. 
                      
                     Given the impact of the above mentioned indicators also in different publications 
                     (Loyola-Gonzalez at al, 2020; Kuptish and Pang, 2006, WUR, 2021) and based on the 
                     dataset provided by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THE), 
                     we have selected these three factors for further analysis in our paper: 
                         •   Research  -  which  in  the  ranking  consists  of:  reputation  survey,  research 
                             income and research productivity.  
                         •   Citation - which in our case is based on bibliometric data supplier Elsevier 
                             examined more than 86 million citations to 13.6 million journal articles, article 
                             reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters.  
                         •   International  outlook  -  with  the  following  sub-indicators:  proportion  of 
                             international  students,  proportion  of  international  staff  and  international 
                             collaboration. 
                      
                     Hypotheses 
                     To refer the impact of certain indicators as whole on the ranking of universities is a 
                     broad field of study. To be more concise and to give more clarity, in this paper we 
                     will  try  to  achieve  the  “t”  aim  and  purpose,  by  presenting  the  following  five 
                     hypotheses, which we will try to prove through statistical analysis. 
                      
                     H1: Most of the ranking universities from the TOP15 in the ranking list are located in 
                     one of the countries of Europe or United States of America. 
                      
                     H2: Research has an impact (affects) in the world ranking of universities. 
                      
                     H3: Citation has an impact (affects) in the world ranking of universities. 
                      
                     H4: International outlook has an impact (affects) in the world ranking of universities. 
                      
                     H5: Citation has an impact (affects) the international outlook. 
                      
                     Related work  
                     The publication of global university ranking lists has increased the interest for using 
                     them (both by prospective students and their parents but also from academic world), 
                     more precisely, a various studies and analyses are being made with the intention to see 
                       1088                                                                http://www.webology.org 
                      
                        
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