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TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY
Chennai-600 097
Course Material for B.Ed (Second Year)
COURSE 11: YOGA, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
(Optional Course)
Prepared by
UNIT – I : YOGA AND ASANAS
UNIT - II : HEALTH EDUCATION
UNIT - III : COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND LIFE STYLE DISORDER
Dr.M.Govindan, Professor and Head
Dr.V.Vasudevan, Dr.T.Sivasakthi Rajammal
Dr.P.N.Lakshmi Shanmugam Mr.S.Balamurugan
Assistant Professors
Unit IV : PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE
Unit - V : ORGANISING COMPETITIONS
Dr.M.Sheela Lilly Angeline
Directress of Physical Education
N.K.T National College of Education for Women,
Chennai - 600 005.
Department of Educational Psychology
Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University
Chennai-600 097
COURSE 11: YOGA, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
(Optional Course)
UNIT – I: YOGA AND ASANAS
Objectives:
After completion of this unit, the learner will be able to,
1. understand the definitions and the concepts of yoga.
2. describe the historical development of yoga in India.
3. know the major schools of yoga.
4. demonstrate the different stages of the Surya Namaskar.
5. name the different types of Asanas.
6. analyse the preventive and curative effects of yoga.
Meaning and Concept of Yoga
The term ‘Yoga’ is derived from the Sanskrit verb ‘YUJ’ meaning ‘to join’ or ‘to yoke’ or ‘to unite’ or
‘to integrate’ which means total integration of the physical, mental, intellectual and spiritual aspects of
human personality.
“Yoga is the unification of the individual psyche (Jivatma) with the transcendental (Paramatman)” -
Yoga Yajnavalkya.
Jesus Christ says “the physical body (the Stula Sharir) is the living temple of the God”.
“Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God”- says Christ.
Patanjali defines yoga as complete suppression of all mental modes or process (Cittaorttinivodha).
Vyasa defines yoga as absorptive concentration (samadhi). It is a universal attribute of the mind. All
persons can attain yoga by repeated practice (abhyasa) and detachment (vairagya).
Swami Sathyananda Saraswati (1999) in his book, “Asana Pranayama Mudhra Bandha”, comments that
yoga is not an ancient myth buried in oblivion. It is the most valuable inheritance of the present. It is the
essential need of today and the culture of tomorrow.
Hassanagas (1996) concluded that
· Practicing yoga helps in improving the general health of the volunteers.
Course-11: Yoga, Health and Physical Education,TNTEU 2
· The psycho- condition is reinforced and the mental capabilities are increased. The concentration
and memory are developed. Self-confidence, self-discipline and working capabilities are
increased.
· The capability for removing the psycho-physical fatigue is increased.
· The number of injuries is decreased as a result of increase of the self-consciousness, self-control
of the body and brain.
· The number of absences due to illness is decreased.
· The efficiency and the productivity increases leading to profits.
Nedungode V. Haridas (1996) in his article, “Physiological and Philosophical aspects of Yoga” states
that “Yoga science is a well-proven treasure and it is up to us to tap the yoga power to relax and
rejuvenate our mind, increase our physical strength, expand our spiritual awareness, improve our
concentration, help our body to use oxygen and nutrients more effectively and to prevent illness and
retard old-age”.
Hemalatha Murthy (1996) in her article, “Management of Respiratory Diseases by Yoga” states that
yoga gives us solace, confidence, redeems all our miseries, obsession and conflicts. It is suitable to all
and all times. It helps the persons to change their attitudes and bring a tremendous change in way of life,
which is simple and which is very necessary, unless, there is no true solution to all the problems and
illness. Right knowledge of yoga burns out the likes and dislikes, ego and ignorance and there is an
establishment of pure bliss, which is natural state of a being.
Manchanda (2001) conducted a Research study of Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease through Prekasha
Meditation with Reference to Coronary Atherosclerosis Reversal Potential of Yoga Life Style
Intervention among 42 male patients. The results of the study, reveals that, in the yoga group, 3 (5%)
Lesions showed progression, 46 (75%) Lesions showed no change while 12 (20%) lesions showed
regression. In the control group 22 (37%) lesions showed progression, 36 (61%) showed no change
while 1 (2%) showed regression. Yoga lifestyle intervention is beneficial in improving the symptoms
and exercise capacity, lowering weight and serum lipid levels. It also retards the progression of coronary
atherosclerosis in patients with sure coronary artery diseases and reduces revascularization procedures.
Origin and History of Development of Yoga
Yoga means the classical Yoga system as set forth by Patañjali in the Yoga Sūtras. Patañjali taught an
eightfold (aṣṣāṣga) system of Yoga emphasizing an integral spiritual development including ethical
disciplines (Yama and Niyama), postures (Āsana), controlling and harmonizing the breath (Prāṇāyāma),
Course-11: Yoga, Health and Physical Education,TNTEU 3
control of the senses (Pratyāhāra), concentration (Dhāraṇā), meditation (Dhyāna) and absorption
(Samādhi). This constitutes a complete and integral system of spiritual training.
However, classical Yoga was part of the Vedic tradition. Patañjali was only a compiler of the teachings
at a later period. Yogic teachings covering all aspects of Patañjali Yoga are common in literature prior to
Patañjali like in the Purāṣas, the Mahābhārata and the Upaniṣads. The instigator of the Yoga system is
said to be Hiraṣyagarbha, who represent the creative and evolutionary force of the universe.
Yoga can be traced back to the ṣgveda itself, the oldest vedik text which speaks about yoking our mind
and insight to the light of Truth or Reality. Great teachers of early Yoga include the names of many
famous Vedic sages like Vasiṣṣha, Yajñavalkya, and Jaigiśavya. The greatest of the Yogis is always
said to be Yogeśvara Krishna himself, the propounder of Bhagavadgītā, which is called as Yoga Śāstra –
an authoritative work on Yoga.
Origin of Yoga and the Indus Valley Civilization
The stone seals excavated from the sites of the Indus Valley Civilization (3000 B.C.) depicting figures in
yogic postures indicate that Yoga was being practised even during 3000 B.C.
The first indication of body-culture in Yoga is to be traced through the word Āsana (posture) and
Prāṣāyāma (the regulation, conservation and control of bio-energy). But since, we are concerned
primarily with postures, let us go to its origin. This involves not only how posture training came to be
regarded as a physical requisite for Yoga but also how its later development aided the most
comprehensive evolution of namely physical training, hygiene, social medicine, and therapeutics.
In the evolution of Āsana and its synthesis, besides the original prayer and meditative poses, certain
other postures have also been included which have been found to be definitely useful in the development
of the physical and meditative aspects of the individual’s personality. A series of dynamic variations has
been added to the static Āsanas to enlarge the scope of application and meet the varied requirements.
Yoga has been part of man's activities directed towards higher spiritual achievements in India. The
history of Yoga is divided into five categories:
Vedic period
Pre-classical period
Classical period
Yoga in Medieval Times
Yoga in Modern Times
Course-11: Yoga, Health and Physical Education,TNTEU 4
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