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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume V, Issue XII, December 2021|ISSN 2454-6186
Linguistics Analysis on Sentence Patterns between
Arabic and Tamil Languages
MHA. Munas & MS. Zunoomy
Department of Arabic Language, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
Abstract: This research focuses on studying differences in focuses on studying the sentence pattern between Arabic and
sentence pattern between Arabic and Tamil languages by Tamil to find its similarities and dissimilarities.
exposing similarities and dissimilarities between them. A. Research Problem
Descriptive contrastive methodology is used by secondary data.
It finds that there are more dissimilarities rather than Arabic and Tamil languages belong to the different language
similarities in gender, numeral, tense, pronouns, kinds of family. Therefore, learners of the Arabic language as a
pronouns, adjectives, genitive and articles. This research will foreign language face difficulties and make mistakes in
help learners of Arabic language as a foreign language though identifying the meanings of sentences and their translation
they are Tamil language speakers, translators and students from between these two languages due to lack of knowledge and
the field of linguistics and translation to know sentence pattern
between these two languages in the best way. clarity in the linguistic pattern.
Keywords: Translating Sentence, Sentence Pattern, Arabic B. Research Objective:
Language, Tamil Language To identify the similarities and dissimilarities in sentence
I. INTRODUCTION pattern between Arabic and Tamil languages
complete sentence, which expresses the simplest C. Research Importance:
complete mental forms on which it is intolerable,
A There are several researches on the sentence pattern of the
consists of three main elements: subject, verb and predication. Arabic language, in contrast with other languages such as
There are various sentence patterns in every languages. The English, Indonesian language, Hausa language and others.
sentences contain elements which build a meaningful According to experience of the researchers, there were
sentence. Based on this, Arabic language is one of the Semitic contrast studies between Arabic and Tamil languages in some
language family among the popular languages spread around of the specific topics which excludethe contrastive study in
the world. it is the language spoken by more than two billion the linguistic system. It is worth noting that this research is a
people universally, and the Arabic language is the language of necessary serve to improve the field of teaching Arabic as a
wordings, syntax, and morphology as it is concerned with the foreign language and translate it in a better way.
wealthy of its sounds and the word derivations and its
competing eloquence characterized by flexibility and diversity II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
in its sentence structures, even though each letter in Arabic In this research, the researchers used descriptive contrastive
has a value and every symbol (Harakat) has a special purpose methodology. Secondary data have been collectedfrombooks,
[1]. Al-Mubarridh is the first person who used the term researches, articles, theses, and website articles to obtain the
“sentence” from beginning, so he divided it into two parts: necessary information.
nominal and verbal sentences. Al-Zamakhshari divided it into
four: nominal, verbal, conditional and adverbial sentences. III. LITERARY REVIEW
There are those who divided it into three types such as Ibn "A contrast study between Arabic and the Hausa language in
Hisham and those who followed him: nominal, verbal and pronouns", Abd Abdullah, a thesis submitted for a master's
conditional [2]. Based on this, the sentence pattern of Arabic degree in arts in Arabic language from the University of
distinguishes by its structure and formation. Jezira, in 2017. The study aims to analyze and research the
Tamil language is one of the classical languages in the whole pronouns, through a contrastive study between Arabic and
world. It is mentioned at 20th rank on the anthropology list of Hausa. The pronouns of Hausa language have a special
the most spoken languages around the world. It belongs to the feature, and this feature is unique and different from the
family of Dravidian languages [3]. Tamil has Nominal Arabic language, but from many languages.The pronouns
sentence only. It includes three kinds of the sentence pattern, constituted a basic difficulty for the language learner of
which are simple sentence, compound sentence and complex Arabic from the children of the Hausa, so the researcher
sentence. Based on this, each of these two languages has a decided to study the system of pronouns in the two languages,
specified pattern for the sentence and its stucture, and there Arabic and Hausa a contrastive study to identify similarities
are many similarities and dissimilarities in the sentence and differences. On the other hand, to clarify the problems
pattern between these two languages. Therefore, this research that may occur when teaching pronouns among learners of the
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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume V, Issue XII, December 2021|ISSN 2454-6186
Arabic language from the children of Hausa. He used in the relationships from the sentence itself and the relations before
study the descriptive analytical approach. The study reached it and what follows after. The advantages in the grammar of
several results, the most important of which are: that the Arabic language are that they are subordinate to the purposes
sentence structure in the Hausa language is completely of expression and meaning, and this is clearly demonstrated
different from the sentence structure in Arabic, whereby the by the flourishing of the phenomenon of parsing in Arabic
Hausa requires that the subject precedes the verb and then the language [7].
object, and it is not permissible for the object to precede the B. Differences in the Sentence Pattern between Arabic and
verb and the subject, and this is the opposite of what is Tamil
precedent to Arabic. It is permissible for Arabic, and this rule
has made many who write in Arabic use the nominal sentence These differences affect in the sentence pattern between
because it is closer to his mother tongue.The researchers were Arabic and Tamil languages, whether it is a simple sentence, a
able to clarify the structure of sentences in Arabic language compound sentence, or a complex sentence [8], [9], [10], [11],
with the use of pronouns and to identify methods that help to [12], [13].
reveal the similarities and differences between the two 1) Differences in Gender
languages [4].
"Conjunctions and its uses in Arabic and Tamil languages - a The word varies in Arabic language with regard to gender into
contrastive study", by Shathifa Bint Muhammad Cassim and two types: masculine and feminine. As for the masculine
Shaheqa Farwinn Bint Abdul Rahim, a paper presented at the noun, it does not need a sign to indicate it, while the feminine
faculty of Arts and Culture Symposium at the University of has three symbols;
South Eastern of Sri Lanka in 2015, this research seeks about Taa Marbootasuch as تمعو(Ni‟mah) andةرذق(Qudhrah),
conjunctions through their structure, function and status in Al-Alif al-Muqshoora (Short Alif)such as يرذع („uthraa) and
sentences and its significance in Arabic language and Tamil يلضف(Fuzhlaa)
language. The research concerns with studying the similarities
and differences between Arabic language and Tamil Al-Alif al Mamdhoodha (long Alifsuch as ءادىس(Sawdhau)
language.The researchers benefited from the paper to define andءاضُب(Baizhau). Each of these symbols must be added at
the two languages and to know the uses of conjunctions in the end of the word, as every noun that is ended in one of
Tamil language from structure of sentences and their function them is called feminine. In the Tamil language, gender is
[5]. divided into five, namely:
“Demonstrative Pronouns in Arabic and English: A a. (ஆண் ா்) / a: npa: l / " masculine" - if the name
Contrastive Study” by Sulaiman Bin Omar Al-Suhaibani, is sane and singular, for example: (சிறுவ் ) /
2015. This research deals with the study of demonstrative siruwan / "boy". The symbol for gender is at the end
pronouns in both Arabic and English as a contrastive study. of the verbs, for example: (சிறுவ்வ்தா் )/
Where contrastive linguistics is one of the oldest methods of siruwanwanta: n / "the boy came." Here the
modern linguistics, and one of the most important study in the morpheme(ஆ்) / a: n / represents the gender.
field of linguistics. It is interested in studying the linguistic
system in the various languages, contrasting them with each b. ii.(பண் ா்) /penpa: l / "feminine" - if the noun
other, and highlighting the similarities and differences is sane and singular, for example:(தான்) / ta: i /
between them. The research dealt with the demonstrative "mother". The sign of gender is at the end of the
pronouns in its classification in speech, mentioning the verbs, for example: (தான்வ்தா்)/ ta: iwanta: l
demonstrative pronouns in both Arabic and English, / "the mother came." The morpheme(ஆ்)/a: l/
explaining the common ones, their functions and their uses in represents the gender in this sentence.
speech, then analyzing some of the Qur‟anic verses in which c. (ப் ா்) / plarpa: l / “the sane plural is for
the demonstrative pronouns are mentioned, and looking at
their translation. In order to show aspects of similarity and masculine or feminine,” for example:
difference between the two languages.The researchers used (சிறுவபக் ்) / ciruwarkal / “boys” and
this study to determine the uses of demonstrative pronouns in (ஆசிபியனக்)/ a: siriyaikal / “female
Arabic sentences and the problems in their translation [6]. teachers”. The symbol of gender is at the end of the
IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: verbs, for example:
A. Sentence Pattern in Arabic and Tamil (சிறுவபக் ்/ஆசிபியனக்வ்தாபக் ்) /
ciruwarkal / a: siriyaikalwanta: rkal / “The boys and
The sentence in Arabic originates from several words, the teachers came”. The morpheme (ஆபக் ்)/ a:
according to a specifiedpattern under syntax, which means rkal / represents the gender in the plural.
parsing and grammatical factors, and the rules for the d. (ஒ்்ா்)/ onranpa: l / "Insane noun" - if it
structure of the sentence are nominal or verbal, affirmaive or is singular, for example: (நபந்)/ maram / "tree".
negative, informative or constructive. It studies the The symbol of gender is at the end of the verbs, for
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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume V, Issue XII, December 2021|ISSN 2454-6186
example: (நபந்விழு்தது)/ maramwizhuntatu / D. تبطاخملا ءاَ/Ya:ul mukataba:/; The indication of the
"the tree fell." The morpheme(அது)/ atu / verb itself on the request for feminine and it is in
ُ
ِ
importive tense only, for example: ٍبزضاو ٍمىق
ِ
represents the gender. /Qu:mi: wazhribi:/ “Get up and hit”. ِ
e. v. (வின்ால்)/ palawinpa:l / "Insane noun" - if it
is a plural, for example: (நபங்கள்) /marankal/ Verbs in Tamil are divided into three tenses, which are:
"trees". The symbol of gender is at the end of the 1. Past Tense: it indicates action in the past tense, for
verbs, for example: (நாடுகள்வந்த) / ma: example: (rpWtd; ghlj;ij thrpj;jhd;) / siruwan pa: dattai
duhalwantana / “the cows came”. Here the wa:sitta:n / "The boy read the lesson". The past tense is
morpheme(அ) / ana / represents the gender [14]. known by different symbols: (j;> l;> w;) / t, d, R /.
2) The Difference in Numeral Examples: (j;) / t / = (gb + (j;) + Vd;>gbj;Njd;) / padi + (t) +
Arabic language hasaspecified number system, versa the e: n> paditte: n / "I studied".
number system in Tamil language, where the number in (ட்) / d / = (உண்+ (ட்) +ஏன்>உண்டேன்)/ un + (d) + e:
Arabic is from the singular, the double and the plural, and in n>unde: n / "I ate".
the Tamil language from the singular and pulural only. This (ற்) / R / =(கல்+ (ற்) +ஏன்>கற்டன்)/ kal + (R) + e:
language takes everything that is not singular as a plural and
does not differentiate between one, two and three except with n>kaRRe: n / "I learned"
specificity and mention the number, for example: 2. Present Tense: it indicates action in the present time, for
(ஒருநிதர்வந்தார்)/orumanitarwanta: r / “a man came” example: (சிறுவன்ாேம்டிக்கின்ான்) / ciruwan pa:
(இருநிதர்கள்வந்தார்கள்)/irumanitarkalwanta: rhal / dam padikkinra: n / "The boy reads the lesson". two
"Two men came" morphemes are used in present tense(கின்று, கிறு) / kinRu,
kiRu /, and both of them enter the present verb, it indicates the
(மூன்றுநிதர்கள்வந்தார்கள்)/mu: nrumanitarkalwanta: verb in the present only, for example:
rkal / "Three men came" (கின்று)/ kinRu / = (வரு+ ( கின்று)
3) Differences in Tense +ஆன்>வருகின்ான்)/ waru + (kinRu) + a: n>warukinra:
The word in Arabic language is divided according to the tense n / "He comes (now)".
into three parts, namely: past, present and importive tenses (கிறு) / kiRu / = (சசல்+ (கிறு) +ஏன்>சசல்கிடன்) / cel
i. Past Tense: is a word that indicates the meaning and + (kiRu) + e: n>celkiRe: n / "I go (now)".
time in the past, for example:صرذلا بلاطلا مهف/Fahimat 3. Future Tense: It indicates action in the future tense, for
talibu addharsa/ "the student understood the lesson." example: (சிறுவன்ாேம்வாசிப்ான்) / ciruwan pa: dam
ii. Present Tense: It is a word that indicates the vasippa: n / "The boy will read the lesson". Here the two
meaning and time, both immediately and morphemes (வ், ப்)/ w, p / and each of them denote the future
prensenting, for example: كحاجىب كسرذم حزفَ /Yafrahu verb only, and they have a future function, for example:
mudharrisatuka binaja:hika/ "Your teacher happies in (வ்)/ w / = (வரு+ (வ்) +ஆன்>வருவான்)/ waru + (w) + a:
your success." The present tense must be the n>waruwa: n / "He will come".
beginning of ( ءاُلا ،ءاتلا ،نىىلا ،ةشمهلا) /Hamza, Nu:n, (ப்)/ p / = (ார்+ (ப்) +ஆன்;>ார்ப்ான்)/ pa: r + (p) + a: n>
Ta: orYa:/and these letters are called as "letters of pa: rppa: n / "He will see"
present tense". Imporative tense as in Arabic indicates requesting anact in the
iii. Importive Tense: It is a word that requires verb and future, for example: (உதுாேத்ததவாசி)/ unatu pa:
time in the future, for example: "Write a letter to dattaiwa: si / "Read your lesson".
your brother."
Verbs are defined in Arabic language by one of four symbols: 4) Differences in Pronoun
A. ذق (Qadh); comes on the past and present verbs, for Pronouns are divided into three parts: /mutakallim/ first
example:ذَس ماو ذق/Qadh Na:ma Zaid/ “Zaid has slept” person, /mukhatab/ second person and /ga:ib/ third person.
andمىقَ ذق/Qadh Yaqu:mu/ “He may wake up”. The following table (1) shows pronouns in Arabic language:
B. فىسلاو هُسلا /Se:n wa Sawfa/; Each of them comes in Table 1: Pronouns in Arabic Langage
the present tense only, for example: مىقَ فىسو مىقُس
/Sayaqu:mu & Sawfa yaqu:mu/ “He will wake up”. Pronoun Place Numeral Gender
C. تىكاسلا ثُوأتلا ءاتلا /Ta:ut Ta’ni:sus Sa:kina:/; Relate to اوأ /ana/ first person Singular Masculine/
past verbs only, ex: تبزضو تماق /Qa:mat Zharabat/ Feminine
“she woke up and hit”. هحو /nahnu/ first person Dual / Plural Masculine/
Feminine
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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume V, Issue XII, December 2021|ISSN 2454-6186
توأ /anta/ second person Singular Masculine Table 3: Kinds of Pronoun in Arabic Langage
تَ
توأ /anti/ second person Singular Feminine Possessive
ِ Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Pronuns
امتوأ /antuma:/ second person Dual Masculine/ اوأ /ana/ ٍو /ni:/ ٌ /e/
Feminine
متوأ /antum/ second person Plural Masculine هحو /nahnu/ /ka/ /ka/
تَ تَ
هتوأ /antunna/ second person Plural Feminine توأ /anta/ /ki/ /ki/
تَ ِ ِ
ىه /huwa/ third person Singular Masculine توأ /anti/ امك /kuma:/ امك /kuma:/
ِ
ًه /hiya/ third person Singular Feminine امتوأ /antuma:/ مك /kum/ مك /kum/
Masculine/
ّ ّ
امه /huma:/ third person Dual Feminine متوأ /antum/ هك /kunna/ هك /kunna/
مه /hum/ third person Plural Masculine هتوأ /antunna/ ُـ /hu/ ُـ /hu/
ىه /huwa/ اه /ha:/ اه /ha:/
ّ
هه /hunna/ third person Plural Feminine
ًه /hiya/ امه /huma:/ امه /huma:/
The following table (2) shows pronouns in Tamil language: امه /huma:/ مه /hum/ مه /hum/
ّ ّ
Table 2: Pronouns in Arabic Langage مه /hum/ هه /hunna/ هه /hunna/
Pronoun Place Numeral Gender The following table (4) shows kinds of pronoun in Tamil
/na:n/ )ehd;( first person Singular Masculine/ language:
Feminine
/na:m/ )ehk;( first person Plural Masculine/ Table 4 Kinds of Pronoun in Tamil Langage
Feminine
/ni:/ )eP( second person Singular Masculine/ Subject Pronouns Object Possessive Pronuns
Feminine Pronouns
)ePq;fs;( second person Plural Masculine/ /na:n/ )ehd;( /ennai/ /ennudaiya/
/ni:nkal/ Feminine /na:m/ )ehk;( /engalai/ /engaludaiya/
/awan/ )mtd;( third person Singular Masculine
/awal/ )mts;( third person Singular Feminine /ni:/ )eP( /unnai/ /unnudaiya/
)mtu;fs;( third person Plural Masculine/ /ni:nkal/ )ePq;fs;( /ungalai/ /ungaludaiya/
/awarkal/ Feminine /awan/ )mtd;( /avanai/ /awanudaiya/
/atu/ )mJ( third person Singular Masculine/
Feminine /awal/ )mts;( /awazhai/ /awazhudaiya/
/awei/ )mit( third person Plural Masculine/ /awarkal/ )mtu;fs;( /awarhalai/ /awarhaludaiya/
Feminine
There is no difference between first person pronouns among /atu/ )mJ( /atai/ /adhanudaiya/
the languages. As for second person pronouns, there are /awei/ )mit( /awaihalai/ /awaihalinudaiya/
special forms of singular and non-singular in both languages. Kinds of pronoun in Arabic language as the subject, for
There is no difference between the masculine and the
feminine, whether singular or not, and between rational and example: /huwa yana:mu/ “he is sleeping”, as objective caes,
irrational in Tamil. At the same time, in Arabic language, possessor in the sentence, for example: /ashkuruka/ “I thank
there is a difference between the masculine and the feminine you”, /qalami: jadhi:dhun/ “my pen is new”
in the singular and the plural without dual. Kinds of pronoun in Tamil language as the subject, for
The two languages agree in third person pronounsin the use of example: (அவன்எழுந்துள்ான்)/ awaneḍuntulla: n / "He
the singular pronouns to the masculine and the feminine.in the is standing", as objective caes, possessor in the sentence, for
plural, Arabic differentiates as masculine and feminine, while example: (முஹம்நத்அவதஅடித்தான்)/
Tamil language does not differentiate between them. muhammatuawanaiaditta: n / “muhammad hit him”,
Likewise, Tamil language like Arabic is distinguished by the (எதுபுத்தகம்புதினது)/ enatuputtahamputiyatu / "My
distinction between the sane in the use of their person book is new".
pronouns. In Tamil, there are specific pronouns for the
singular and plural third person pronouns for insane, but it 6) The Difference in Adjective
does not differentiate between masculine and feminine. The adjective precedes the noun in Tamil Language.for
5. Differences in kinds of pronoun: example: (ான்சாினசதாருநீதப்ிடித்டதன்)/ na: n
The following table (3) shows kinds of pronoun in Arabic periyato: ru me: neipittiten/ "I caught a big fish". At the same
language: time, adjective follows the noun, for example: اكمس تمسر اوأ
ازُبك /anarasamtusamkankabe:ran/ “I draw a big fish”
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