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DESIGN AND DISCOURSE OF MODERN STANDARD ARABIC E-TEXTBOOK Muhammad Thohir, Mohammad Kurjum, dan Abdul Muhid UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Surabaya e-mail: muhammadthohir@uinsby.ac.id Abstract An E-textbook of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is an important device that supports the on-line practical aspects of the teaching Arabic as a foreign language (TAFL). The present study was aimed at describing the characteristics of the design and discourse of the Schulz’s E-textbooks of MSA. The study focused on Schulz MSA E-Textbook as an instructional material package of standard Arabic of the intermediate levels (B1 and B2 levels). The study used the qualitative research approach with the discourse-analysis method of data analyses.The results showed the following findings. The design of the E-package is web-based with multimedia as resources. The content prioritizes on grammar material in each initial lesson unit of the textbook. Although standard modern Arabic is used as the language variant for the language skills, colloquial language variants are given sufficient attention that can be accessed only in the E-edition version of the package. In terms of the contents of the discourse, a wide selection of texts are used with varied themes in the field of education, social affairs, economy, culture, politics, religion, environment, and technology. Citations embedded in header texts do not always match the contents of the discourse. The religious discourse pieces in the materials seem to be positioned more as socio-cultural facts rather than as theological facts. Keywords: E-textbook, Modern Standard Arabic, discourse, learning material DESAIN DAN WACANA BUKU PELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB BAKU Abstrak Buku ajar elektronik bahasa Arab standar merupakan perangkat penting yang mendukung aspek-aspek praktis online pada pembelajaran bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa asing (PBABA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan karakteristik desain dan muatan wacana buku ajar elektronik bahasa Arab Standar. Kajian difokuskan pada e-text karya Eckehard Schulz yang banyak digunakan di Indonesia dan dibatasi pada tingkat menengah (tingkat B1-B2). Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan analisis wacana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan temuan berikut. Desain e-textbook MSA Schulz berkarakter web based dengan multimedia sebagai resources. Kontennya memprioritaskan materi tata bahasa di setiap awal pelajaran. Meskipun keterampilan berbahasa Arab ditekankan pada penggunaan variasi standar atau modern 1 language, variasi colloquial language mendapat perhatian cukup memadai yang hanya dapat diakses dalam versi e-edition. Dari segi muatan wacana, ia menghadirkan banyak muatan seperti pendidikan, sosial, ekonomi, budaya, politik, agama, lingkungan, dan teknologi. Kutipan yang disematkan di setiap header halaman tidak selalu cocok dengan isi wacana. Yang menarik, wacana agama di dalamnya terlihat lebih diposisikan sebagai fakta sosial-budaya daripada fakta teologis. Kata kunci: buku elektronik, bahasa Arab standar, wacana, kegiatan pembelajaran INTRODUCTION In Indonesia, this program has been Arabic is learned in three variants: established since 2016 by the Islamic classical written Arabic (CWA), modern State University (ISU) of Sunan Ampel standard Arabic (MSA), and spoken as a language-learning project under the Arabic (SA). CWA is one that is used in direct license of the Schulz program. the al-Quran and literature. MSA, Participants are 5,000 candidates of acknowledged as standard variety often scholarship recipients who will pursue called fușhā, is that which consists of the continuing education in various introduction of vocabulary in formal universities in the Middle-East countries. contexts (Abdelali, 2004: 23). MSA is In the learning activities, participants are used by 22 country members of given access, by way of their own UNESCO, 422 million Arabs, and 1.5 accounts, to on-line and classical face-to- billion Islamic followers in the world. In face instructional programs. Participants this state, the learning of Arabic as a are given language-competence foreign language (LAFL) has spread to a certificates, in accordance with their wide area in the world. competence levels, directly by Leipziq In coherence with the strategic issues University after taking the on-line test. of the 4.0 industrial revolution, LAFL has The present study that looks into the developed in various programs and strategic issues on the MSA electronic designs, formally and informally alike. learning materials is based on the premise Arabic has existed not only as a that instructional packages are not only representation of the Arabic socio-cultural concerned with the strategies of teaching, life, but also as part of the cyber-based but also with topics and ideas (Behnke, dynamics of informational technology. 2018). Instructional materials have even One example is shown by the MSA been regarded as a determining mediator program designed on-line by Eckehard for instructional processes (Schuh, Schulz, a professor in Arabic of the Russell, & Horne, 2018). The studies by Leipziq University of Germany. This Pepin, Gueudet, & Trouche (2013) have program is aimed at developing Arabic emphasized that the interfaces of skills and competences internationally. electronic instructional packages become 2 LITERA, Volume 19, Nomor 1, Maret 2020 a crucial element, including even the (2019) study how the association rule presentation of the instructional material. model extracts unique phrases from an Richards (2015: 92) mentions five MSA text. principles of decent foreign-language In a study specifically related to a teaching designs, namely: objectives, Schulz MSA learning program, Jaeni syllabus, structural format, and exercises. (2015) finds that his instructional book Here, the instructional objectives are contains adequate ideologies and cultures placed in the front for the reasons that of Arabic since it provides an appropriate objectives will have impacts on the other portion of Islamic religious teachings by components. Instructional objectives will citing Quran and Hadist verses in each show the nature of the language page. In terms of language skill contents, competences to be achieved. A language the study by Taufikurrahman (2015) finds competency is understood by Fairclough that the Schulz package has contained (2003:82) as the ability to perform the the four language skills in a brief time knowledge and skills in a new situation; and with recent topics and materials. thus requiring the technological This finding is strengthened by Ediyani’s orientation of the discourse which is study (2016) stating that the package different from the traditional language. makes good Arabic learning although it Research on MSA has been conducted lacks pictures in the book. In the same by Diab, Hacioglu, & Jurafsky (2007: way, Masyhud (2017), who emphasizes 177). They tried to adapt the support more on the presentation of dialects, vector machine (SVM) of an English text states that the Shulz MSA material is into an MSA text, specifically in solving effective in improving pronunciation. the problems of clitical tokenization on The foregoing discussion shows how the morphological level. While this study there remain many possibilities in the is based on texts, the one by Droua- Schluz MSA materials that have not Hamdani, et.al., (2012) is based on sounds. received attention from researchers. A By using automatic speech recognition discourse analysis on an instructional (ASR) for MSA speakers, they found that material has not certainly given a complete the ASR remains influenced by the local picture if the discussion is mainly based on accents of the speakers. Internet-based whether or not the materials are adequate research, such as one conducted by as revealed by Jeni. As comparison, Nassiri, Lakhouaja, & Cavalli-Sforza Purwanta (2013: 439) finds how historical (2018), measures readability of MSA texts texts show imbalance in that they are Java- using the Tashkeela application while centric with the consequence of lacks of another by Aljasser & Vitevitch (2018) non-native aspects. If Faruqi (2007) and describes the development of web-based Roibin (2010: 7) regard those religious texts interfaces to calculate the phonotactic do not necessarily represent the religion as probability in MSA. Meanwhile, Loukam, a discourse, then Jeni’s study still leaves Hammouche, Mezzoudj, & Belkredim questions of how Schulz MSA instructional Design and Discourse of Modern Standard Arabic E-Textbook 3 materials present discourses as important Indonesian-Arabic edition was printed in materials of LAFL. The study by Pransiska Leipziq in 2016, translated by a team (2018) about the MSA book in terms of from Maliki ISU of Malang consisting of design, construction, and implementation Bahkruddin Fannani, Uril Bahruddin, has not answered the questions either. Miftahul Huda, Zakiyah Arifa, Dewi It is by those reasons that the present Chamida, Ghufron Hanbali, and Makhi study is aimed more at giving a description Ulil Kirom. The MSA Schulz E-textbook of the nature Schulsz MSA elektronic was designed for learners to obtain a instructional package: how to present competence certificate basedf on the various language instructional materials Common European Framework of of standard Arabic. The study is arranged Reference for Languages (CEFR), and in two foci of discussion: what is the not the American Council of Teaching design of the electronic book like and Foreign Languages (ACTFL). how texts are presented in the book. This research material was accessible on https://modern-standard-arabic.net/. METHOD Data were collected from the E-textbook, The present study was descriptive both text based and graphical user-based, qualitative research. The research subject by way of reading and note-taking. was the MSA E-textbook Schulz (2017), Reading was done carefully and professor of Arabic at Lepziq University of accurately; while note taking was done Germany. Narration of the book was by writing down the data description, presented in seven language (multilingual); copying selected materials, making however, only the Indonesian-Arabic conclusions, and transcribing the version was used in this study. The research materials using the determined categories. material was MSA Schulz E-textbook of As a qualitative study, the primary the B level (intermediate), consisting of instrument was the researcher who had a the two editions (B1 and B2). The registered account in the MSA site. Data electronic edition (E-edition) was chosen were analyzed using descriptive- for the reason that, though the contents qualitative analyses, descriptive statistics, were the same, E-edition was considered and discourse analyses. as more complete. In addition, in the E-editon, lessons 1 through 24 were FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION presented in one menu selection while, in Findings the interactive edition, these were Design presented in two books: lessons 1 to 12 in The Schulz MSA E-textbook can be Book 1 and lessons 13 to 24 in Book 2. described in three main frames: format, The original version of the MSA resourses, and contents and visual E-textbook published in Germany was graphics. In the case of the format, the titled Modernes Hocharabisch Mit Einer book consists of two forms: manual (paper Einführung In Hauptdialekte, Hamouda textbook) and E-edition (E-textbook). For Edition, Leipziq: Germany. The the E-edition, the material is accessible by 4 LITERA, Volume 19, Nomor 1, Maret 2020
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