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File: Arabic Pdf 101088 | Sound Correspondences Of Modern Standard Arabic Moroccan Arabic And Najdi Arabic
sunan kalijaga international journal of islamic civilization issn 2614 5472 p issn 2614 7262 e volume 3 number 2 2020 pages 27 50 sound correspondences of modern standard arabic moroccan ...

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                        Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization 
             ISSN 2614-5472 (p), ISSN 2614-7262 (e), Volume 3, Number 2 (2020), Pages: 27-50 
          
          
          
          
          
         Sound Correspondences of Modern Standard Arabic  
         Moroccan Arabic and Najdi Arabic  
          
         Darsita Suparno*, Ulil Abshar**, M. Wildan***, Tri Pujiati**** 
         * UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia.  
         Email: darsitasuparn@uinjkt.ac.id 
         ** UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia. 
         Email: ulilabshar@uinjkt.ac.id 
         *** Universitas Pamulang Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia. 
         Email: dosen00278@unpam.ac.id 
         **** Universitas Pamulang Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia. 
         Email: dosen00536@unpam.ac.id 
          
         Abstract 
             This  paper  studies  the  process  of  sound  correspondences  that  occur  in  Modern 
             Standard Arabic (MSA), Moroccan Arabic (MAR), and Najdi Arabic (NAR). It attempts 
             to find answers for the following questions: a) What are the identical word pairs, words 
             couples that have a phonemic correspondence, a phonetic similarity, and a pair of 
             words  that  contains  difference  of  one  phoneme,  b)  What  are  the  process  of 
             morphophonemic in the form of assimilation, metathesis, and epenthesis. It is addressed 
             to portray the process of morphophonemic assimilation, metathesis and epenthesis in 
             three  Arabic  languages  using  Crowley’s  theory.  This  study  used  207  of  Morris 
             Swadesh's basic vocabulary as the key standard procedure for collecting data. The 
             criteria adopted to analyze the data were orthographic, sound-change, phonological, 
             and morpheme contrast. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The source 
             of the data was basic-word vocabulary. The data were gathered from three dictionaries 
             as sources to get information. The data were analyzed by using structural linguistics, 
             especially phonology, morphology, and semantics. This investigation informed several 
             aspects of findings such as identifying prefixes, suffixes, assimilation, metathesis, and 
             epenthesis. Using the Swadesh vocabulary list, the results of this study found 207 
             vocabularies for each language. By analyzing parts of speech, it was found that these 
             vocabularies can be classified into five-word classes, namely, nouns, pronouns, verb, 
             adjectives, adverbs, and determiners. 
          
      Darsita Suparno 
      Keywords:  morphophonemic, metathesis, epenthesis, Moroccan, and, Najdi 
            Arabic. 
          
      A.  Introduction 
         It is generally known that Modern Standard Arabic, Moroccan 
      Arabic, and Nadji Arabic are typologically similar in many respects. 
      However,  there  are  many  differences  between  them,  namely  a 
      difference  in  function,  writing,  standardization,  lexicon,  and 
      phonology. Those differences were caused by migration done by Arabic 
      people  from  one  place  to  another  in  nearby  region  due  to  various 
      reasons,  such  as  economics,  politics,  culture,  environment  and 
      education.  This movement will directly or indirectly affect the native 
      language (mother tongue) the people acquire when they move. They 
      have many opportunities in learning many languages that will broaden 
      their horizon to understand everything better. The various languages of 
      a person learn will provide new insights that make everyone more aware 
      of the culture, lifestyle, customs, and beliefs of others. In other words, 
      learning  and  investigation  of  various  languages  are  crucial  for 
      everyone. According to Al-Mansoob & Alrefaee  cross-language study 
      over four decades shows that the results of this study have stimulated 
      scholars to undertake cross-linguistic and cultural studies as cited by 
      Al-Mansoob (Al-Mansoob et al., 2019, p. 2).   
         Some  scholars  focus  their  studies  on  sound  correspondence 
      analysis of word’s structure in cross-Arabic language, as to come up 
      with what is special and particular about that American English and 
      Yemeni Arabic  as  Al-Mansoob  and  Matar,  in  (Al-Mansoob  et  al., 
      2019), (Matar et al., 2019). 
         Just to mention some studies the cross linguistic Arabic-English, 
      Haitham  &  Khateb  studied  Resolving  the  Orthographic  Ambiguity  
      during  Visual  Word  Recognition  in  Arabic:  An  Event-Related 
      Potential,  and Thaha & Hadad studied The Role of Phonological versus 
      Morphological  Skills  in  the  Development  of  Arabic  Spelling:  An 
      Intervention  Study,  (Haitham  &  Khateb,  2013);  (Thaha  &  Hadad 
      Saiegh, 2016).  On the other hand, others conducted different studies, 
      such as in Shaw et. all, this study presents a new articulatory data 
      bearing on the phonetic expression of syllable structure in Moroccan 
      Arabic (Shaw et al., 2011). 
       
      28           Sunan Kalijaga, Volume 3, Number 2, March 2020  
                                                     Sound Correspondences of Modern … 
                                                                                           
                                                                                           
                    However, people’s lack of interest in the study of Arabic language 
             and  its  dialects  especially  in  the  fields  of  morphology  and  syntax 
             becomes an obstacle in understanding synchronic studies, language 
             dynamics  and  language  change  which  use  computational  and 
             sociocultural linguistics. For instance, Ismail  examined how often the 
             Arabic Najdi vocabulary used by 137 Saudi male students by  applying 
             computational  linguistic    based  lexicographic  study  (Ismail  et  al., 
             2019). Moreover, Shaw  reported that phonetic variants of Moroccan 
             Arabic indicate an identifiable syllable structure in a language can be 
             identified in a language in which the initial group of words, regardless 
             of their sonority profile, is claimed to be parsed hetero-syllable (Shaw 
             et  al.,  2011)  and    AlQahtani  and  AlArifi  investigates  the  syntactic 
             derivation of grammaticalized auxiliary verbs found in a variety of 
             Arabic, precisely, Najdi Arabic (NA). It analyzes the syntactic position 
             which those grammaticalized auxiliary verbs occupy as lexical items in 
             particular structures and as functional items in other structures. It also 
             differentiates between those lexical and functional items in light of the 
             theory of Distributed Morphology (AlQahtani & AlArifi, 2020) 
                    Therefore, the current study contrasts MSA to MAR and to NAR 
             with respect to the realization of the three languages, when viewed from 
             a  phonological perspective, have similarities and differences, which 
             show that all three have inherited from the same proto-language and 
             have a close kinship. In general, this study provides information about 
             MSA, MAR, and NAR for comparative historical linguistic research 
             from Indonesian perspective that will broaden repertoire of knowledge 
             and specifically analyze the existence of phonemic correspondences in 
             those three languages. 
                    1.1 Statement of the problem 
                    World  cultural  differences,  in  general,  and  cross  differences 
             language,  in  particular,  lays  the  groundwork  for  stimulating 
             comparative language analysis. Comparative historical linguistics as a 
             branch of linguistics has the main task, among others determine the 
             facts and levels of intimacy and kinship between languages, which are 
             related  to  the  grouping  of  related  languages.  As  explained  in 
             comparative linguistic studies, especially language, sounds, and forms 
             of  words  variety  can  be  of  concern  to  linguists  and  experts  of 
              
             Sunan Kalijaga, Volume 3, Number 2, September 2020                        29 
      Darsita Suparno 
      comparative historical linguistics. Familiar language belonging to a 
      language  group  member  has  a  similar  historical  development.  The 
      phenomena  of  migration  and  urbanization  have  created  social, 
      linguistic, and cultural contacts. As a result, cultural relations among 
      Arabic speaking societies raise an interesting linguistic issue as stated 
      by Hachimi and Al-Essa, in (Hachimi, 2018, pp. 60–98);  and (Al-Essa, 
      2009, pp. 70–109). According to Sedeek, Arabic has several dialects. 
      There is a myth that states Arabic speakers from different countries who 
      speak different dialects need to use the lingua franca of the Arab world, 
      namely Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) in communicating with other 
      Arabic speakers (Sedeek, 2019, p. 4). Cote highlighted that Arabic is 
      spoken by more than 400 million persons in nearly 12 countries and 
      holds the dual distinction of being the fifth most widely spoken as well 
      as one of the fastest growing languages in the world (Cote, 2009, p. 75). 
      The 12 countries which use Arabic are located in Middle East and North 
      Africa (Sedeek, 2019, p. 4). Arabic is important for more than one 
      billion Muslims around the world as a ritual language of the Muslims 
      Holy book the Qur’an (Newman, 2008, p. 66), (Sedeek, 2019, p. 4). 
      Arabic (along with Greek, Haitian, and Swiss German) is considered as 
      a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon "diglossia," where one 
      language community uses two language or two dialects of one language  
      (Ageli, 2013, pp. 233–243); (Munther, 2015, pp. 1–4). Additionally, 
      Eastern Arabic people use North Arabian colloquial which include Gulf 
      Arabic and Najdi Arabic, spoken in Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and 
      Jordan  (Al-Ghamdi, 2018, p. 6). On the other hand, Western Arabic 
      Language and its dialects used in Western Libya, Morocco and some 
      North African countries (Al-Ghamdi, 2018, p. 6). This was supported 
      by Ferguson which stated that language variation concept refers to the 
      superposed variety as high (H) and to the primary dialects as low (L).  
      In Arabic language, Ferguson’s (H) refers to what is known as Fusha, a 
      term that includes both Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and its older 
      form, Classical Arabic (CA), and (L) refers to the Arabic colloquial 
      dialects (Munther, 2015, p. 4). In short, MSA, MAR, NAR differ cross-
      culturally not only in the way they are realized but also in their area of 
      distribution, their word frequency of occurrence, and in the functions 
      they serve.  The differences between everyday dialects prevail in Arabic 
      today's world can easily be associated with the different dialects of the 
      tribes who immigrated with this part during and after the period of 
       
      30           Sunan Kalijaga, Volume 3, Number 2, March 2020  
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...Sunan kalijaga international journal of islamic civilization issn p e volume number pages sound correspondences modern standard arabic moroccan and najdi darsita suparno ulil abshar m wildan tri pujiati uin syarif hidayatullah jakarta indonesia email darsitasuparn uinjkt ac id ulilabshar universitas pamulang tangerang selatan dosen unpam abstract this paper studies the process that occur in msa mar nar it attempts to find answers for following questions a what are identical word pairs words couples have phonemic correspondence phonetic similarity pair contains difference one phoneme b morphophonemic form assimilation metathesis epenthesis is addressed portray three languages using crowley s theory study used morris swadesh basic vocabulary as key procedure collecting data criteria adopted analyze were orthographic change phonological morpheme contrast research descriptive qualitative method source was gathered from dictionaries sources get information analyzed by structural linguistics...

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