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82 ppeerrppuuststaakakaaann uunns s aac c iidd ddiiggiilliibb uunns s aac c iidd chapter iv results and discussion a results of the research having established the traditional igbo setting before ...

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                                                          ppeerrppuuststaakakaaann..uunns.s.aac.c.iidd                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ddiiggiilliibb..uunns.s.aac.c.iidd  
                                                                                                   
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                         CHAPTER IV 
                                                        
                                                                                                                                         RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                    A.  Results of the Research  
                                                        
                                                                                                  Having established the traditional Igbo setting, before delving into the results, 
                                                        
                                                                     we first make a recap of the objectives of this study based on the Igbo concept of justice 
                                                        
                                                                     as follows: to show how the Igbo concept of justice based on egbe bere ugo bere nke siri 
                                                        
                                                                     ibe ya e bela nku kwaa ya helped achieve peace among the Igbo. To establish how the 
                                                        
                                                                     Igbo concept of justice can achieve global peace and to show why the Igbo concept of 
                                                                     justice is best suited for achieving global peace. Hence the results based on egbe bere 
                                                                     ugo bere summed up in three features namely equality, equity and truth as answers to 
                                                                     the above stated research objective questions. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (Truth) 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                        
                                                                     Chart 4. 1 A sum-up chart of the features of Igbo concept of justice. 
                                                        
                                                                     Source: Modified research documentation material 2019 
                                                        
                                                               1. Justice  as  Equality:  How  Igbo  concept  of  justice  achieved  peace  for  the  Igbo 
                                                        
                                                                        nation 
                                                        
                                                                           a. Gender Equality, Gender Inequality, and Gender Complementarity 
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                ppeerrppuuststaakakaaann..uunns.s.aac.c.iidd                                      ddiiggiilliibb..uunns.s.aac.c.iidd  
                            
                 
                 
                 
                             Contextually,  equality  is  defined  here  as  giving  no  preferential  treatment  to 
                 
                   anyone  based  on  racial,  ethnic,  religious,  sexual  or  any  other  such  consideration. 
                 
                   Besides race, ethnicity and religion, gender is one big issue in matters of equality which 
                 
                   brings chaos and denies people of peace in most cases. Igbo concept of justice looks at 
                 
                   equality from the aspects of race, ethnicity, religion and then gender. Democracy and 
                 
                   democratic ethos are also highlighted and faithfully followed unlike what obtains in 
                 
                   Christian/Western concept. The Igbo proverb that comprehensively captures their sense 
                 
                   of equality in justice is e kebe oke n’aka n’aka a mara ndị a hụrụ n’anya (when things 
                   are shared individually/per hand, the favoured one is known). This goes to show the 
                   people’s innate aversion to injustice and perception of all humans as equal. 
                           On  gender  equality,  the  patriarchal  societal  arrangement  has  been  usually 
                   associated  with  Ndịgbo  especially  by  the  Euro-American  literature  from  time 
                   immemorial. For reason of organisational structure and maintaining of family lineage, 
                   some things are handled  by  men. However, this does not mean a relegation of the 
                   womenfolk to the background for as Ndịgbo believe, all people, whether man or woman 
                   are intrinsically equal and should be treated equally not only before the law but also in 
                   other matters of life including rulership as in Igbo chiefdoms.  
                           The first informant Odo who also doubles as supporting informant, is a male, 
                   aged 50. Graduate and lecturer, he agrees strongly that there is a strong sense of equality 
                   in Igbo concept of justice than in its Christian/Western counterpart. From his experience 
                                                                                                   
                   as a lecturer in the higher institution with students from different ethnic nationalists, he 
                   argues that the Igbo are known to not only protect the interests of the womenfolk but do 
                 
                   not  mind  sharing  equal  responsibilities  and  privilges  with  the  latter  even  in  class 
                 
                 
                   activities. This  informant equally agrees that a leader’s powers are impotent if such 
                   powers are unjust and so cannot guarantee peace. He also strongly agrees that there was 
                 
                   more  sense  of  justice  among  the  Igbo  pre-Christian  era.  The  interviewee  who  also 
                 
                   agrees that the leaders were more just and less corrupt before the Christian/Western 
                 
                   corruption  of  the  Igbo  concept  of  justice  based  on  egbe  bere  ugo  bere.  While 
                 
                   acknowledging the inadequacies of Igbo concept of justice especially on the grounds of 
                 
                   such  cultural  practices  like  killing  of  twins  which  unjustly  denied  infants  the 
                 
                 
                   opportunity to live, this interviewee advocated the adoption of Igbo concept of justice 
                   with a tint of the western/Christian version that avoids such heinous practices like the 
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                 ppeerrppuuststaakakaaann..uunns.s.aac.c.iidd                                      ddiiggiilliibb..uunns.s.aac.c.iidd  
                             
                 
                 
                 
                   killing of twins. This is also the stance of other informants namely, Asọgwa, Asọnye, 
                 
                   Mgbeorie, Ọyịma and Ezeokorie. 
                 
                 
                            But centrally, gender equality is a given for Ndịgbo. According to the seventh 
                 
                   informant, Nneka, Igbo culture recognises women as equal entities to men but [only] of 
                 
                   a different specie. This view is very averse to the western notion and practice of gender 
                 
                   equality. Nneka explained that, that is why female chiefs are equally celebrated and 
                 
                   respected  in  Igboland.  As  shown  in  the  chart  above,  just  like  the  family  watching 
                 
                   football game, the equality feature of Igbo justice ensures that everyone is given equal 
                   opportunity  to  achieve  their  aims.  This  is  unlike  what  obtains  in  the 
                   global/western/Christian  concept  which  though  defines  equality  in  same  notion  but 
                   practices it in opposite direction. On March 28 this year, the US Women soccer team 
                   instituted legal proceedings against the country’s soccer (football) association seeking 
                   for  equal  pay  with  their  men  counterparts.  While  the  women’s  team  are  four-time 
                   winners of the women’s world cup having won it back to back this July, their men 
                   counterparts have not only never won the world cup but are one of the lowest ranked in 
                   the world.  
                            Yet, the latter receive 72 percent higher pay than the former. In short, had the 
                   men been the winners of the world cup they were to receive about one million dollars 
                   each but the actual winners of the France 2019 world cup, the women can only hope for 
                   two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollar  match  pay.  There  are  many  other  agonising 
                                                                                                    
                   instances of gender inequality just as it abounds in most countries including Nigeria but 
                 
                   suffice it to say that this is just a tip of the iceberg in the chasm of gender inequality 
                 
                   perpetrated  and  promoted  by  the  global  Christian  West  to  the  detriment  of  the 
                 
                   womenfolk. 
                 
                   In Anioma– the Igbo area west of the River Niger – there is a firmly established female 
                 
                   chieftaincy institution dating roughly to the end of the fifteenth century. As Nneoma, 
                 
                   the eight informant observed, until 1990, female chiefs in Anioma called Omu were 
                 
                   very  old  women knowledgeable  in the traditions  of  their  people,  and  charged  with 
                 
                   certain ritual and secular duties. This according to Uchendu (2006) is why the Igbo 
                 
                   concept of justice trumps above the west. 
                 
                            Anioma  boasts  of  political  systems  fashioned  after  the  monarchical  system 
                 
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                   borrowed from the ancient Benin and Igala kingdoms, the patrilineal kinship system of 
                                                                    
                    
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                ppeerrppuuststaakakaaann..uunns.s.aac.c.iidd                                      ddiiggiilliibb..uunns.s.aac.c.iidd  
                            
                 
                 
                 
                   the Igbo heartland, and a combination of both. However, while male monarchs, male 
                 
                   title-holders and male elders were in control of local politics, women, generally, had 
                 
                   little obvious political function before and during the colonial period.  
                 
                   For the informants, Mgbeafọ, Ezeọba, Anịkwenwa and Chukwudị, the Aniocha section 
                 
                   of Anioma, however, hosts the ụmụ ezechima, some nine towns that trace their roots to 
                 
                   Benin.  Pre-colonial  ụmụ  ezechima  had  a  female  chieftaincy  institution  with  female 
                 
                   chiefs  called  Omu  who  supervised  female  affairs  and  represented  women  in  local 
                 
                   councils that were dominated by men. Each town comprised a host of major lineages 
                   and  was  entitled  to  one  Omu.  No  town,  therefore,  had  more  than  one  female 
                   representative  in  the  local  governing  council.  This  female  presence  in  local 
                   administration observed in  Aniocha in the pre-colonial and colonial periods did not 
                   exist elsewhere in Anịoma.  
                   Like in other Igbo communities, Anioma’s communal leadership in pre-independence 
                   was  a  male  responsibility.  But  Aniocha  female  chiefs  were  largely  responsible  for 
                   female affairs while men ruled the entire community. The traditional gendered system 
                   of political power is believed to be based on the idea that some aspects of governing 
                   were  the  appropriate  responsibility  of  women  and  others  were  the  appropriate 
                   responsibility of men similar to what existed in Western Europe before the nineteenth 
                   century.” (See Uchendu, 2006). 
                           While  Engels  emphasises  economic  aspect  as  being  pivotal  in  the  unequal 
                                                                                                   
                   relationship  between  men  and  women,  in  Igbo  traditional  society,  it  is  culture  that 
                   explains the relationship be it equal, unequal, or complementary. In her theory, Lesser 
                 
                   Blumberg (1984) claims that it is only the production of surplus resources and access to 
                 
                   and control over these resources, that translates into power or valued success—for men 
                 
                   and women alike. Blumberg’s point plays out in Igbo traditional culture. That culture 
                 
                   produced a category of highly resourceful, successful, and economically empowered 
                 
                   women who could take male titles and wielded a lot of influence in their families and 
                 
                   communities.  
                 
                   In  buttressing  Blumberg’s  position,  the  fifth  informant,  Ọyịma  affirms  that  what 
                 
                   determine social status in Igboland as in all parts of Africa, are economic power and 
                 
                 
                   hardly gender. According to her, a rich woman, an educated woman or enlightened 
                   woman who is outspoken, hardworking, and fearless can hardly expect to be looked 
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...Ppeerrppuuststaakakaaann uunns s aac c iidd ddiiggiilliibb chapter iv results and discussion a of the research having established traditional igbo setting before delving into we first make recap objectives this study based on concept justice as follows to show how egbe bere ugo nke siri ibe ya e bela nku kwaa helped achieve peace among establish can global why is best suited for achieving hence summed up in three features namely equality equity truth answers above stated objective questions chart sum source modified documentation material achieved nation gender inequality complementarity ccoommmmiitt ttoo uusserer contextually defined here giving no preferential treatment anyone racial ethnic religious sexual or any other such consideration besides race ethnicity religion one big issue matters which brings chaos denies people most cases looks at from aspects then democracy democratic ethos are also highlighted faithfully followed unlike what obtains christian western proverb that compr...

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