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er sukhnandan kaur ms rupinderdeep kaur iosr journal of engineering iosrjen www iosrjen org vol 1 issue 1 pp 106 110 unexplored aspects in the transliteration of english to punjabi ...

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                              Er.Sukhnandan Kaur, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur/ IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN)                                                        
                                                                             www.iosrjen.org 
                                                                       Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.106-110 
                                  Unexplored  aspects  in the transliteration of ENGLISH to 
                                                                               PUNJABI 
                                  
                                                          Er.Sukhnandan Kaur1, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur2 
                                  
                                    1(Student (Pursuing M.Tech.-CSE), Swami Vivekanand Institute of Engineering & Technology, 
                                                                                 Banur, India) 
                                                           2(Lecturer (CSED), Thapar University,Pataila , India) 
                                                                                         
                                 ABSTRACT:                                                    
                                 Transliteration  is  meant  to  preserve  the               reason, many researchers have been trying to 
                                 sounds     of    the    syllables    in   words.            overcome  the  problem  using  machine 
                                 Transliteration  is  helpful  in  situations                transliteration. 
                                 where one does not know the script of a                     Transliteration  is  the  process  of  mapping  a 
                                 language  but  knows  to  speak  and                        written  word  from  a  language-script  pair  to 
                                 understand the language nevertheless.  The                  another  language-script  pair.  For  example, 
                                 following     attempt       deals    with      the          punjabi word prm and SyAr corresponds to 
                                 unexplored  aspects  of  famous  Indian                     English words param and share respectively.  
                                 language  named  as  Punjabi.  Professional                  
                                 people  whose  native  language  is  not                    1.1          Forward            Transliteration: 
                                 Punjabi  but  need  to  do  some  work  in                  Transliterating a word from the language of 
                                 Punjabi then the transliteration helps them                 its  origin  to  a  foreign  language  is  called 
                                 out.  Most  of  the  efficient  Transliteration             Forward Transliteration. 
                                 software  systems  do  not  provide  much                   As  in  the  case  of  English  to  Punjabi 
                                 facilities apart from the basic that meet the               transliteration.  
                                 requirements of multilingual people. So, to                  
                                 make  any  language’s  transliteration                      Param -> prm 
                                 effective,  we  need  to  focus  on  all  the                
                                 approachable  corners  of  that  particular                 1.2         Backward            Transliteration:                                
                                 language.                                                   Transliterating  a  loan-word  (is  a  word 
                                                                                             borrowed       from     one      language      and 
                                 Keywords: Abbreviations, Dual language,                     incorporated into another) written in a foreign 
                                 Numeral Transliteration.                                    language back to the language of its origin is 
                                                                                             called       Backward  Transliteration.        For 
                                                      [1]
                                 1. Introduction:                                            Example: 
                                 Transliteration    is   used  to  phonetically               
                                 translate  proper  names  and  technical  terms             qblw TABLA 
                                 especially    from     languages     in   Roman              
                                 alphabets    to   languages  in  non-Roman                  2.      Transliterartion           by       using 
                                 alphabets  such  as  from  English  to  Korean,             AnmolLipi: 
                                 Japanese,       and       Chinese.       Because            It  tells  the  way  how  different  letters  of  the 
                                 transliterations  are  usually  representative              English are mapped onto the Punjabi letters. 
                                 index terms for documents, proper handling                  There  are  number  of  softwares  which  are 
                                 of  the  transliterations  is  important  for  an           helpful     in    mapping       Punjabi     letters 
                                 effective    information     retrieval    system.           corresponds to the English. This is shown in 
                                 However,  there  are  limitations  on  handling             TABLE1. 
                                 transliterations   depending  on  dictionary                                          
                                 lookup,  because  transliterations  are  usually                                      
                                 not registered in the dictionary. For this                                            
                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                       
                                                                   www.iosrjen.org                                              106 | P a g e  
                                  
                            Er.Sukhnandan Kaur, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur/ IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN)                                                        
                                                                        www.iosrjen.org 
                                                                  Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.106-110 
                                                                                       meanings  and  definitions  of  numbers,  over 
                                                                                       the different stages of the history of science. 
                                                                                       The symbols used in various modern Indian 
                                          Table1. Transliteration                      scripts for the numbers from zero to nine are 
                                                                                       shown in Table2. 
                              Aa        Bb       Cc       Dd                            
                              A,a  B,b           C,c      D,d                          Table2. Numeral transliteration 
                                                                                           ੦             sifar    0  
                              Ee        Ff       Gg       Hh                              ੧              ikk      1  
                              E,e       F,f      G,g      “ H” , h 
                                                                                           ੨                 do        2  
                               
                              Ii        Jj       Kk       Ll                              ੩                 tinn     3 
                              I,I       J,j      K,k      L,l 
                                                                                          ੪               chā     4  
                              Mm        Nn       Oo       Pp                              ੫                  punj    5  
                              M , m     N , n    O , o    P,p 
                                                                                          ੬                  che      6  
                              Qq        Rr       Ss       Tt 
                              Q,q       R , r    S,s      T,t                             ੭                  satt     7    
                                                                                         ੮                   ath      8  
                              u         Vv       Ww       Xx 
                              U ,  u    V,v      W , w    X,x                            ੯         ੰ        naun  9  
                                                                                                
                              Yy        Zz                                               ੧੦                 dass  10 
                              Y , y     Z,z                                             
                                                                                        
                              ^         &                 ~ 
                              ^         &                 ~ 
                               
                              Transliteration  takes  place  as  the  example 
                              given below. As one wants to type nwnw  in 
                              Punjabi  then  he  needs  to  type  nwnw.  As 
                              transliteration is case sensitive. So, great care 
                              of words in caps  is to be taken while typing. 
                              For Example: 
                                      
                                                 n w n w                                                                               
                                           n  w n w                                    Fig.1. Google Transliteration 
                                                                                        
                              3. Some of the unexplored aspects:                       As we tried to type the numerals by using the 
                                                                                       current  available  software  such  as  Google 
                              Numerous softwares are providing the facility            transliteration, then as in the above Fig.1, we 
                              of transliteration, but still much of the work           typed  nine  and  the  possible  transliterations 
                              has to be done to make it more fruitful to the           were as in Fig.2. 
                              users. In this paper, we have discussed many 
                              such aspects under which research is needed 
                              to be done. Some of them are as follows: 
                               
                              3.1 Numeral Number Transliteration:   
                               
                              Numerals  are  symbols  also  representing 
                              numbers.  In  mathematics  there  are  other 
                                                              www.iosrjen.org                                           107 | P a g e  
                               
                             Er.Sukhnandan Kaur, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur/ IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN)                                                        
                                                                           www.iosrjen.org 
                                                                     Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.106-110 
                                                                                           people who speak Punjabi language. Table 3 
                                                                                           shows the names of Punjabi months. 
                                                                                            
                                                                                           Table 3. Name of Punjabi Months  
                                                                                            
                                                                                           English                      Punjabi 
                                                                                           March/April                  ਚੇਤਰ 
                                                                                           April/May                    ਵੈਸਾਖ 
                                                                                           May/June                     ਜੇਠ 
                                                                                           June/July                    ਹਾੜ 
                                                                                           July/August                  ਸਾਵਣ 
                                                                                           August/September             ਭਾਦਰੋਂ 
                                Fig.2 Transliteration of Nine  
                                                                                           September/October            ਅਸੂ 
                                 But  as  per  our  requirement  we  want  to 
                                transliterate  nine as :                                   October/November             ਕਤਕ 
                                                                                           November/December            ਮਘਰ 
                                  ੯         ੰ        naun   9  
                                          
                                So, our problem of  the exact transliteration              December/January             ਪ੉ਹ 
                                of  the numerals are still there.                          January/February             ਮਾਘ 
                                 
                                3.2 Abbreviation:                                          February/March               ਫਗਣ 
                                Simply  stated,  an  abbreviation  is  any                  
                                shortened form of a  word or  phrase. These                When we checked it by typing june in google 
                                are  used  to  speed  up  the  whole  process  of          transliteration sortware window as in Fig.3: 
                                dealing  with  any  language  is  enhanced  by              
                                using    abbreviations      .In   the    Punjabi 
                                Transliteration, the facility  for abbreviations 
                                is  not  provided  which  if    provided  then  
                                enhance its functionality . 
                                Like: 
                                P.U. – Panjabi University 
                                pMjwbI XUnIvristI 
                                 
                                If we type P.U. in any of the software which 
                                gives the facility of transliteration, it gives us                                                           
                                as:                                                         
                                   ਪ.ਉ.                                                    Fig.3 Months Transliteration by Google 
                                In the above, the software does not take the                
                                letter with dot(P.), it takes P itself to give us          we get  the following as shown in Fig. 4 
                                the output. But functionality can be enhanced              options : 
                                if it takes dot with any of the letter. By doing            
                                so we can add abbreviations in the database. 
                                 
                                3.3 Name of Punjabi Months:  
                                 
                                 As every regional language contains its own 
                                data. People often use their own language for 
                                communication.  Same  happens  with  the 
                                                                 www.iosrjen.org                                             108 | P a g e  
                                 
                             Er.Sukhnandan Kaur, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur/ IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN)                                                        
                                                                          www.iosrjen.org 
                                                                    Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.106-110 
                                                                                                             
                                Fig.4 . Transliteration of June                           Fig.6. Transliteration of word Saada 
                                                                                           
                                But we want  the transliteration of  June as              but  if  we  want  to  type  the  first  letter  in 
                                ਹਾੜ, then it is not possible with the existing            English  and the rest in Punjabi. The above 
                                software as shown in Fig.4.                               mentioned  task  can  be  done  by  a  space 
                                                                                          between the first character and the rest. But 
                                3.4 Switching between different languages:                doing so we have virtually two words instead 
                                In linguistics, switching is the concurrent use           of one word. From this, we conclude that the 
                                of  more  than  one  language,  or  language              switching between different languages under 
                                variety, in conversation. Multilingual - people           one word is still not in light. The example of 
                                who  speak  more  than  one  language  -                  the above is given in Fig.6. 
                                sometimes     use    elements     of   multiple            
                                languages  in  conversing  with  each  other.             4.Difference        between         dictionary 
                                Thus, we need to plant this facility.                     lookup               and              machine        
                                As an quintessential,:  Avwz                              Transliteration: 
                                This feature is tested on many softwares but                As it is completely impossible to add all the 
                                all are unable to do this. As shown in Fig.5.             words  used  in  transliteration,       so   the 
                                                                                          alternative   method     of    using    machine 
                                                                                          transliteration  apart  from  the  Dictionary 
                                                                                          Lookup.  These  two  softwares  are  different 
                                                                                          from each other from the manner as shown in 
                                                                                          Table4. 
                                                                                          Both of these methods are widely  used by 
                                                                                          the variety of softwares.   
                                                                                           
                                                                                             Table 4. Difference between Dictionary 
                                                                                               lookup  and Machine Transliteration. 
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                          Dictionary Lookup        Machine 
                                Fig.5  Transliteration By Tamil cube                                               transliteration 
                                                                                          1.It  is  the  direct    1.In           machine 
                                If  we  type  saada,  it  gives  us  the  complete        method              of   transliteration,   each 
                                word in Punjabi as :                                      transliteration  of the  letter is mapped with 
                                                                                          whole  word  in  one     the  predefined  set  of 
                                                                                          attempt.                 corresponds. 
                                                                                          2.  It  is  fast  and    2.It  takes  more  time 
                                                                                          convenient to use.       than that of dictionary 
                                                                                                                   lookup. 
                                                                                          3.In   this   all  the   3.Machine 
                                                                                          words  are  arranged     Transliteration    does 
                                                                                          in an ordered form.      not     follow      any 
                                                                www.iosrjen.org                                             109 | P a g e  
                                 
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