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                                                  MamanSMahayana-JapaneseOccupationGovernmentPolicyinIndonesia
                                                           HUMANIORA
                VOLUME25                                     No.2Juni2013                             Halaman129-142
                            JAPANESEOCCUPATIONGOVERNMENTPOLICY
                             ININDONESIAONCULTUREANDLITERATURE:
                      ACASESTUDYOFASIARAJANEWSPAPER(1942-1945)
                                                       MamanS.Mahayana*
                                                              ABSTRAK
                           Ada tiga pandangan yang ditampilkan dalam pergerakan Indonesia dalam menanggapi
                       kedatanganJepangkeIndonesia.Pertama,kelompokyangmenyambutdanmendukungkedatangan
                       Jepang atas keberhasilannya mengusir Belanda. Kedua, kelompok yang belum menentukan sikap
                       mendukung atau menentang. Dalam hal ini, mereka masih ingin melihat bagaimana Jepang
                       akan menjalankan pemerintahannya di Indonesia. Ketiga, kelompok yang menentang kehadiran
                       Jepang, meski belum berani melakukan perlawanan. Mereka yang menentang kedatangan Jepang
                       di Indonesia terdiri dari dua kelompok, yaitu (1) dari keluarga ambtenaar, kaum bangsawan, dan
                       pegawai pemerintah, dan (2) para pejuang pergerakan yang menempatkan pemerintah Jepang
                       sebagai imperialis baru menggantikan Belanda. Bagaimana sebenarnya politik pemerintah
                       pendudukan Jepang dalam melaksanakan pemerintahan pendudukannya? Berdasarkan data yang
                       terdapat dalam suratkabar Asia Raja (29 April 1942 sampai 7 September 1945), penelitian ini
                       mencoba mengungkap politik pemerintah Jepang di bidang sosial-budaya dan sastra. Bagaimana
                       pula suratkabar itu dimanfaatkan pemerintah pendudukan Jepang untuk memperoleh dukungan
                       masyarakat Indonesia dalam menghadapi perang Asia Timur Raya?
                       Kata Kunci: budaya, kebijakan pemerintah, pendudukan Jepang, politik kolonial, sastra, surat
                                    kabarAsia Raja
                                                             ABSTRACT
                           Three groups of people in the movement of Indonesia were involved in responding to the
                       arrival of Japan in Indonesia. The first group include those who welcomed and supported the arrival
                       ofJapanbecauseof itssuccessinexpellingtheDutchfromIndonesia.Thesecondarethosewhohad
                       notmadeuptheirmindswhethertosupportortoopposetheJapanesepresenceinIndonesia.Thatis,
                       they wanted to see how the Japanese would run their administration in Indonesia. The third consist
                       of those who opposed the presence of the Japanese although they did not yet have the courage to
                       fight them. Those who opposed the Japanese arrival in Indonesia consist of two groups, namely (1)
                       the aristocrats, ambtenaar, and government employees, and (2) those who fought and regarded the
                       Japanesearrivalasanactofanimperialistoccupation.Actually,howwasthepoliticsoftheJapanese
                       government in its colonial administration in Indonesia? On the basis of data obtained from the Asia
                       Raja newspaper from April 29, 1942 to September 7, 1945, this paper attempts to investigate the
                       Japanese political government in socio-cultural and literary fields. How did the Japanese make use
                       of the newspaper to gain Indonesian public support in the face of the Greater EastAsian war?
                       Keywords: Asia Raja newspapers, colonial politics, culture, government policy, Japanese
                                   occupation, literature
                *  TheFaculty of Humanity, University of Indonesia; now serves as visiting lecturer in Hankuk University of Foreign
                   Studies, Seoul, South Korea
                                                                                                                 129
                  Humaniora, Vol. 25, No. 2 Juni 2013: 129 - 142
                 INTRODUCTION                                             Third, some people were against the Japanese
                      In early March 1942, the Japanese landed            arrival, although they had no courage to fight
                 in Java. Soon after that, the Japanese began their       against them. The people who were against the
                 occupation of Java island (Indonesia) and at the         Japanese occupation were (1) the new-noblemen,
                 same time terminated the long Dutch colonial             ambtenaar, and civil servants whose privileges
                 government in the Archipelago. Unlike the Dutch,         were threatened by the Japanese existence in
                 the   Japanese   conducted a more sympathetic            Indonesia and (2) the Indonesian independence
                 approach    as   if  bestowing    enlightenment    of    movementwhoconsidered the Japanese occupation
                 awareness about the need of “liberating” Indonesia       as closely similar to that of the Dutch – it was going
                 and other Asian nations from the West (Dutch)            to hamper Indonesian sovereignty and in turn led
                 imperialism. Based on the “Triple A” program,            the Indonesians to agony.
                 Japanese, more or less, successfully enhanced                 Because of these various responses, the
                 the sense of confidence that Asia, particularly          Japanese intially responded positive. Through the
                 Indonesia, actually had the power and capability         “Triple A” movement, i.e., Japan as the Leader,
                 to liberate itself from the domination of the            Japan as the Protector and Japan as the Shine of
                 colonialism.                                             Asia, was then applied in the Japanese various
                      During its reign, through its education policy,     policies. From the beginning, the Japanese was
                 government policy, and colonial politics, on the         actually aware of the necessity of having an
                 one hand, the Dutch colonial government had              institution to translate the Japanese colonial policy
                 successfully developed its image as the developing       as well as conducting public persuasion. Therefore,
                 nation, having high culture and superiority, and         on landing in Java, the Japanese invited the
                 regarded itself as a messiah. On the other hand,         propaganda officers belonging to the Propaganda
                 it had also successfully implanted the stigma of         Group (Sendenhan), consisting of 11 military
                 the native as the underdeveloped, inferior, and          officers, 100 civilians, and 87 military service
                 uncivilized race. The Japanese policy, on the other      officers.
                 hand, went to the different direction. With the               In  August 1942, The Japanese colonial
                 hope that the Indonesians would help them to win         government officially established a propaganda
                 the Pacific war, the Japanese intended to destroy        institute called Sendenbu, an organ in the Japanese
                 all the images presented by the Dutch. Therefore,        colonial  government assigned to spread the
                 the Japanese arrival in Java was in the beginning        Japanese colonial policy in the Great East Asian
                 responded to in various ways. At least, three
                 responses were exposed by the Indonesian people          war. This board tried to develop the government
                 movement.                                                image with the purpose that the nation not only
                      First, they enthusiastically supported the Japa-    received but also supported the government policy
                 nese arrival due to their success in expelling the       in the colony by giving anything – property and
                 Dutch from Indonesia. Capt. R.P. Suyono (2005,           human resources to the Japanese colonial, in facing
                 p.198—199), writes as follows: “… penduduk               the war against the allied nations in the Pacific war.
                 pribumi menyambut gembira kedatangan tentara                  What Japan did was merely its strategy to
                 Jepang dengan mengibarkan bendera Jepang                 win the table over the allied forces, similar to what
                 di  mana-mana…” (‘the native enthusiastically            was conducted by the German Nazi. Prof. Kazuaki
                 welcome the Japanese soldiers by raising the             Kimura (1994) said that Kenzi Takahashi, who
                 Japanese flags everywhere’). Second, some people         wrote “The Germany Propaganda Legion”, was the
                 had not determined whether they were pros or cons        key person who managed the Japanese Propaganda
                 to the Japanese arrival. They were still curious on      Troops to support the Japanese soldiers to win
                 howthey would run their government in Indonesia.         the battle against the Allied Forces. Prof. Kamia,
                  130
                                                     MamanSMahayana-JapaneseOccupationGovernmentPolicyinIndonesia
                 as cited by Prof. Kazuaki Kimura, stated that the           One month after the Japanese Propaganda
                 functions of intellectuals, during the war, was to     Legion was established in Jakarta, they published
                 support the government strategy. Therefore, the        a four-page newspaper called Asia Raja. Involving
                 “Propaganda Legion” consisted of artists, cultural     someIndonesians, this daily was first published on
                 experts and journalists. Based on the reason of        Wednesday, April 29, 1942. The committee was
                 having state assignment (Nanpo Choyou Sakka),          as follows:
                 one month military training was prepared for them           Badan Pengarang: A. Asano, N. Suimizu, Uio
                 before they joined the Army and Navy to be sent             Tomizawa.
                 to the Philippines, Burma, Malaysia       including         Anggota Kehormatan: R. Soekardjo Wiryo-
                 Singapore, and Indonesia.                                   pranoto
                      How well did the Indonesian culture and                PemimpinRedaksi:T.Ichiki
                 literature develop during the Japanese occupation?          BagianPolitikdanUmum:Winarno
                 Is it true that the Indonesian literature did not           Bagian Sosial dan Pemuda: Mr. M. Samsudin
                 develop well, as A. Teeuw, H.B. Jassin, and Ajip            BagianKehormatan:SanusiPane
                 Rosidi claimed, because of (1) the tightness of the         BagianEkonomi:Setijono
                 Japanese censors under Pusat Kebudayaan (Bunka              AlamatKantor:MolenvlietOostNo.8Jakarta
                 Keimin Syidosyo), (2) an emphasis on literature             Tiras: 15.000eksemplar
                 and culture just to be a propaganda tool by the             Harga:10sen/eksemplar
                 Japanese? Howdidthe Asia Raja newspaper as the              This newspaper regularly appeared every
                 mouthpiece of the Japanese government provide          day, except holiday and Sunday. But, if important
                 newsandinformation with the purpose of carrying        events occurred on Saturdays, Asia Raja was also
                 out the Japanese policy? These are some questions      published on Sundays. For instance, when the
                 that this article attempts to address.                 first meeting of Cuo Sangi-In was arranged on
                      This study aims to examine the policies of        Saturday, October 16, 1943 (2603 in Japanese
                 the Japanese government on literature and culture      calendar), the following day (Sunday, October 17,
                 as presented in the Asia Raja newspaper. The           1943) this event became the headline. The same
                 primary data source of this study is all editions      thing happened to the speech of the Prime Minister
                 of the Asia Raja newspaper, from the first to the      Koisho about the preparation for Indonesian
                                                                        independence. The news was presented in the
                 last editions published from April 29, 1942 to         specific pages called “Soerat Selebaran Soeara
                 September 7, 1945.                                     Asia” (The Bulletin of Asian Voice). In addition
                      The method used in this research is descriptive   to presenting the speech of the prime minister,
                 method with quantitative data processing. The          several commercial ads were also published in the
                 research was carried out by directly examining         newspaper. Until the end of February 1943, Asia
                 primary sources Asia Raja (April 29, 1942 to           Raja was still regularly published in four pages for
                 September 7, 1945). To support the description or      each edition. However, on Saturday, February 27,
                 analysis of the primary sources data, other relevant   1943, Jawa Syimbun Kai, a censor institute of the
                 literature sources were required as references.        Japanese colonial government that was responsible
                                                                        for any activities in the publishing field made the
                                                                        following decision:
                 THEASIARAJANEWSPAPER                                        Poetoesan“JawaSjimboenKai”
                      The Japanese Propaganda Legion sent to                 Moelai tanggal 1 Maart (: Maret) j.a.d. semoea
                 Indonesia was coordinated by its leader Lieutenant          s.k. di Djawa akan terbit 2 halaman tiaptiap
                 Colonel Keiji Machida. It had 190 members,                  hari, tetapi seminggoe sekali diizinkan terbit
                 including, among others, Aki Asano, novelist                4 halaman. Harga langganan saban boelan
                 Tomoji Abe, Uio Tomizawa, N. Suimizu, and                   ditetapkan bagi “Asia Raja” f.1.50, bagi s.k.
                 Tatsuo Ichiki.                                              daerahf.1.30.
                                                                                                                        131
                 Humaniora, Vol. 25, No. 2 Juni 2013: 129 - 142
                     It was stated that the reduction of the page           “Asia Raja jang djoega mempoenjai sifat
                 numbers and the increasing monthly subscription            dan tjorak sebagai alat bagi pemerintah
                 price were caused by the scarcity of paper because         Bala Tentara, kini menghadapi kesoekaran
                 of the war. On Monday, March 1, 1943, Asia Raja            jang sangat penting dalam melangsoengkan
                 still had 4 pages. From Tuesday to Friday (2-5             kewadjibannja. Inilah alasan jang memaksa
                 March), it then was published with 2 pages and             kamimengachiripenerbitan AsiaRaja.”
                 the following Saturday, March 6, it was again
                 published with four pages.                                 In short, Asia Raja was published from April
                     In the beginning of 1944, the format of Asia      29, 1942 to Friday, September 7, 1945. During this
                 Raja changed. The price remained the same, but        time, Asia Rajahad published 216 editions.
                 there was some contribution for the Romusha
                 workers and the National Guard (Tentara Pembela
                 TanahAir)asfollows:                                   GOVERNMENTMESSAGESINTHE
                     Alamat Kantor Redaksi & Administrasi:             ADVERTISEMENTS
                     YamatoBashiKitaDoori8,Djakarta                         Considering the background of Asia Raja
                     Telepon : 3250 dan 3270, Djakarta                 establishment, we can clearly see that Asia
                     PemimpinOemoem:R.Soekardjo                        Raja was used by the Japanese Government as
                     Wirjopranoto                                      propaganda of the government in his colony. It is
                     Harga Langganan 3 boelan f. 4.50 ditambah         more obviously seen when we comprehend the
                     10 sen seboelan oentoek Roomukyokai dan           content of the newspaper.
                     Tentara Pembela Tanah Air                              Most of the news, for example, showed the
                     Pentjetak Hookabe Masaji                          Japanese troop sensation and the defeat of the
                     Several   days after the independence of          Allied Forces. In addition, the East sentiment
                 Indonesia, August 17, 1945, Asia Raja was             was visibly exposed. The riot in India, for
                 still published. The news about the Indonesian        instance, was exposed as the form of the Indian
                 Independence Proclamation was put as the              dissatisfaction against English colonialism. Jose
                 headline, in a bigger font size than that of the      Rizal mortality ceremony, the Philippine hero and
                 newspaper’s name. On August 18, 1945 the              the speech of Benigno Aquino, was extensively
                 appointment of Ir. Soekarno and his vice president    reviewed to show the awareness of the East
                 Moh. Hatta appeared on this newspaper. And            against the west colonization as shown at the
                 even, in the following day, the application of        Japanese bravery and victory in various battles.
                 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 as the Constitution               If the Dutch, with their colonial politics, tried
                 wasalsopresented in this newspaper.                   to create the self image as the Europe civilization,
                     The other news in Asia Raja after the             the Japanese positioned themselves as the liberator
                 independence was still around the independence        of East Asia and the whole Asia from the English,
                 days, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by        American and Dutch imperialism. Look at the
                 the allied forces, and the result of the bombing.     “New Year Address” from the Prime Minister
                 On Friday, September 7, 1945, this newspaper          Hedeki Todjo as the headline of Asia Raja January
                 presented the title “Asia Raja Minta Diri” (Asia      1, 1943 (2603 according to the Japanese calendar)
                 Raja ‘resigned’). And that was the last publication   that Japan intended to continue the war until the
                 of this newspaper. Under the name of Asia Raja it     final victory. This was clearly emphasized by
                 was written: Djumat, 7 September 2605. The last       Prime Minister Todjo in his new year address to
                 number, the IV year, No. 216. The notes of the        the Japanese as follows:
                 termination, as cited for the first paragraph, are as      “Ditahoen ke-18 Sjowa ini maka tepat setahoen
                 follows:                                                   lamanja sedjak peperangan Asia Timoer Raja
                 132
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