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japanese grammar guide tae kim november21 2012 contents 1 introduction 11 1 1 theproblemwith conventional textbooks 11 1 2 ajapaneseguidetolearning japanese grammar 12 1 3 suggestions 13 2 thewritingsystem 15 ...

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           Japanese Grammar Guide
                 Tae Kim
              November21,2012
             Contents
             1 Introduction                                                                                           11
                 1.1 Theproblemwith conventional textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                11
                 1.2 AJapaneseguidetolearning Japanese grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    12
                 1.3 Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        13
             2 TheWritingSystem                                                                                       15
                 2.1 TheScripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         15
                 2.2 Intonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       16
                 2.3 Hiragana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         16
                       2.3.1   TheMuddiedSounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             18
                       2.3.2   TheSmall「や」、「ゆ」、and「よ」 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                           19
                       2.3.3   TheSmall「つ」 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              20
                       2.3.4   TheLongVowelSound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              20
                 2.4 Katakana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         21
                       2.4.1   TheLongVowelSound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              23
                       2.4.2   TheSmall「ア、イ、ウ、エ、オ」 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          24
                       2.4.3   SomeexamplesofwordsinKatakana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  25
                 2.5 Kanji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      26
                       2.5.1   Whatis Kanji? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        26
                       2.5.2   Learning Kanji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       26
                       2.5.3   Reading Kanji      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27
                       2.5.4   WhyKanji? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        28
             3 BasicGrammar                                                                                           29
                 3.1 Basic Grammatical Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           29
                 3.2 Expressing State-of-Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          29
                       3.2.1   Declaring something is so and so using 「だ」 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               29
                       3.2.2   Conjugating to the negative state-of-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         31
                       3.2.3   Conjugating to the past state-of-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         32
                       3.2.4   Conjugation summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          32
                 3.3 Introduction to Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        33
                       3.3.1   Defining grammatical functions with particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          33
                       3.3.2   The「は」topicparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              33
                       3.3.3   The「も」inclusivetopicparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               35
                       3.3.4   The「が」identifierparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             36
                 3.4 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       38
                       3.4.1   Properties of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       38
                                                                  3
                       3.4.2   Thena-adjective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        38
                       3.4.3   Thei-adjective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       40
                       3.4.4   Anannoying exception         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   42
                 3.5 Verb Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        43
                       3.5.1   Role of Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      43
                       3.5.2   Classifying verbs into ru-verbs and u-verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          45
                       3.5.3   Appendix: iru/eru u-verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        46
                 3.6 Negative Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         47
                       3.6.1   Conjugating verbs into the negative        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   47
                 3.7 Past Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         50
                       3.7.1   Past tense for ru-verbs      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   50
                       3.7.2   Past tense for u-verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       51
                       3.7.3   Past-negative tense for all verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        52
                 3.8 Particles used with verbs        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   53
                       3.8.1   Thedirect object 「を」 particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            54
                       3.8.2   Thetarget 「に」particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            55
                       3.8.3   Thedirectional 「へ」 particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            57
                       3.8.4   Thecontextual 「で」particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              58
                       3.8.5   Whenlocation is the topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        60
                       3.8.6   Whendirect object is the topic       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   61
                 3.9 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   62
                       3.9.1   Payattention to particles! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       62
                 3.10 Relative Clauses and Sentence Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             63
                       3.10.1 Treating verbs and state-of-being like adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           63
                       3.10.2 Using state-of-being clauses as adjectives          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   64
                       3.10.3 Using relative verb clauses as adjectives         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   65
                       3.10.4 Japanese Sentence Order           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   66
                 3.11 Noun-related Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        68
                       3.11.1 The last three particles      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   68
                       3.11.2 The Inclusive 「と」 particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            68
                       3.11.3 The Vague Listing 「や」 and 「とか」particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     69
                       3.11.4 The 「の」particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           70
                       3.11.5 The 「の」particle as explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              73
                 3.12 Adverbs and Sentence-ending particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             77
                       3.12.1 Properties of Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         77
                       3.12.2 Sentence-ending particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         79
                       3.12.3 「ね」sentenceending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               79
                       3.12.4 「よ」sentenceending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               80
                       3.12.5 Combining both to get 「よね」 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                81
             4 Essential Grammar                                                                                      83
                 4.1 Polite Form and Verb Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           84
                       4.1.1   Not being rude in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        84
                       4.1.2   Thestemofverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           84
                       4.1.3   Using 「〜ます」tomakeverbspolite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    87
                       4.1.4   Using 「です」foreverythingelse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                88
                       4.1.5   「です」isNOTthesameas「だ」 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          90
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